THE LIVER 503 
first coccygeal vertebre and the sphincter ani externus. The retractors, together 
with the coccygei, form a sort of pelvic diaphragm, analogous to that of man. 
THE LIVER 
The liver is relatively large, weighing usually about 3 per cent. of the body- 
weight. It is divided into five chief lobes by fissures which converge at the portal 
fissure. When the gland is ex- 
amined in the soft condition Post. vena cave 
the lobes may be spread out so SONY 
as to be all visible (Fig. 444), 
but when the organ is hard- 
ened in situ the lobes overlap 
to a considerable extent (Figs. 
445, 446). 
The left lateral lobe is the 
largest, and is oval in outline. 
The left central lobe is smaller 
and is prismatic. The right 
central lobe is second in size, 
and presents a somewhat 
— 
Umbilical fissure 
tongue-shaped quadrate lobe, y) 
marked off by the deep fossa Fic. 444.—Liver or Dos. 
in which the gall-bladder lies Soft specimen sketched with lobes drawn apart. 
The right lateral lobe is third 
in size, and is oval in outline. On its visceral surface is the large caudate lobe; 
this consists of two parts—on the right, the caudate process, on the left, the papil- 
lary process, both often being subdivided by secondary fissures. 
Right lateral lobe 
‘ 
Coronary 
ligament Left lateral 
Posterior vena cava ligament 
(@sophageal 
notch 
Left lateral 
lobe 
Right central Left central lobe 
lobe 
Gall-bladder Quadrate lobe 
Fic. 445.—Liver or Doc; Parrerat SuRFACE. 
1, Hepatic veins opening into posterior vena cava; 2, coronary ligament; 3, falciform ligament. 
