650 BLOOD-VASCULAR SYSTEM OF THE HORSE 
the nerve of the same name, and is continued forward within the jaw to the incisor 
teeth. It gives branches to the teeth and gums, and detaches a branch through the 
infraorbital foramen which anastomoses with the lateral nasal and superior labial. 
About midway between its origin and the maxillary foramen it gives off the malar 
branch (Ramus malaris), which passes along the floor of the orbit to end in the lower 
lid and anastomose with the angularis oculi. It gives twigs to the inferior oblique 
muscle and the lacrimal sac. 
(8) The lesser palatine artery (A. palatina minor) is a small vessel which 
passes forward in the groove at the medial side of the maxillary tuberosity to the 
soft palate. In the groove it is accompanied by the nerve of the same name and the 
palatine vein. 
(4) The sphenopalatine artery (A. sphenopalatina) arises in the anterior 
part of the pterygo-palatine fossa, passes through the sphenopalatine foramen into 
the nasal cavity, and divides into two branches. The medial branch is distributed 
to the mucous membrane of the septum nasi; the lateral one goes to the ventral 
turbinate, the ventral meatus, the posterior nares, and the maxillary and frontal 
sinuses. It may arise from the infraorbital. 
The greater palatine artery (A. palatina major) is the direct continuation 
of the internal maxillary. It passes through the palatine canal to the roof of the 
mouth, accompanied by the palatine nerve, and runs forward in the palatine 
groove, where it is joined by the vein. A little behind the plane of the corner 
incisor teeth it curves medially over a bar of cartilage to the foramen incisivum, 
where it unites with its fellow of the opposite side. The single artery thus formed 
(A. palato-labialis) passes up through the foramen and divides under the transversus 
nasi into two branches. These ramify in the upper lip and anastomose with the 
lateral nasal and superior labial arteries. In its course in the palate the artery gives 
off branches to the hard and soft palate and the gums, and others which pass through 
the accessory palatine foramina to be distributed in the mucous membrane of the 
lower part of the nasal cavity. Commonly two branches, right and left, are de- 
tached from the convexity of the arch formed by the union of the two arteries; 
these run forward in the anterior part of the hard palate. 
ARTERIES OF THE THORACIC LIMB 
THE BRACHIAL ARTERY 
The brachial artery, after crossing the ventral border of the scalenus at the 
first rib, passes backward and downward across the origin of the coraco-brachialis 
and the insertion of the subscapularis muscle at the medial side of the shoulder 
joint.2. At the posterior border of the subscapularis it gives off the subscapular 
artery, and turns distally on the medial surface of the arm. In its course in the 
arm it inclines a little forward, crosses the humerus very obliquely, and is continued 
by the median artery. 
In its course over the chest-wall the artery is related medially to the ventral 
border of the serratus thoracis and the rectus thoracis. Opposite the ventral end | 
of the first rib it is crossed medially by the median nerve and laterally by the mus- 
culo-cutaneous nerve; the two nerves unite below the artery, which is thus sus- | 
pended in a sort of loop. In the arm it is related medially to the posterior deep 
pectoral muscle and is covered by the deep brachial fascia. Laterally it lies on the | 
subscapularis, the brachialis, the insertion of the teres major and latissimus dorsi, 
1 The infraorbital artery is usually small at its emergence upon the face, but in some cases it | 
is rather large and may partially replace the superior labi: ul and lateral nasal arteries. 
2’ The term axillary is often applied to the artery from the first rib to the point of origin of | 
the subscapular artery, and the name brachial is given to the artery beyond this. 
