a ———————— 
THE COMMON ILIAC VEINS—THE VEINS OF THE PELVIC LIMB 695 
commonly the posterior gastric vein (V. gastrica caudalis), and unites with the 
anterior mesenteric at the posterior border of the pancreas. Not uncommonly the 
splenic and posterior mesenteric veins form a short common trunk. 
The collateral tributaries of the portal vein are as follows: 
(1) Pancreatic veins (Rami pancreatici). 
(2) The gastro-duodenal vein (V. gastroduodenalis), when present, corresponds 
mainly to the extrahepatic branches of the hepatic artery; but in most cases it does 
not exist, and the right gastro-epiploic vein (V. gastroepiploica dextra) and pan- 
creatico-duodenal vein (V. pancreaticoduodenalis) open directly into the portal 
vein. 
(3) The anterior gastric vein (V. gastrica cranialis) joins the portal vein at the 
portal fissure. 
THE COMMON ILIAC VEINS (Fig. 58!) 
These (V. iliaczee communes) are two very large but short trunks, which result 
from the union of the internal and external iliac veins of each side at the sacro-iliae 
articulation. The left one is the longer, and crosses obliquely over the terminal 
part of the aorta. The chief tributaries of each are as follows: 
1. The last lumbar vein. 
2. The circumflex iliac veins (Vv. circumflexe ilium profunde) are the two 
satellites of the corresponding artery, on either side of which they are placed. 
They may open directly into the posterior vena cava or into the external iliac vein. 
3. The ilio-lumbar vein (V. iliolumbalis) may open into the common iliac, 
the external iliac, or the internal iliac vein. 
THE INTERNAL ILIAC VEINS 
The internal iliac or hypogastric veins (Vy. iliace interne s. hypogastrice), 
right and left, are usually formed by the confluence of lateral sacral, gluteal, and 
internal pudic veins. The obturator vein may open into them also. They are 
short trunks, and are smaller than the external iliac veins. The tributaries corre- 
spond in general to the branches of the three arteries of like names. The internal 
pudic veins receive affluents from the anus and posterior part of the rectum; from 
the venous plexuses of the prepuce and penis in the male; and from those of the 
mammary gland, vulva, vagina, and vestibular bulb in the female. A large anas- 
tomotic branch connects the internal pudic and obturator veins at the lesser sciatic 
notch. 
THE VEINS OF THE PELVIC LIMB 
The external iliac vein (V. iliaca externa) (Figs. 576, 581) lies behind the cor- 
responding artery at the brim of the pelvis. It is the upward continuation of the 
femoral vein, and unites at the sacro-iliac joint with the internal iliac to form the 
common iliac vein. Its tributaries are as follows: 
1. The obturator vein (V. obturatoria) is a satellite of the artery, except in its 
terminal part; it usually opens into the external iliac at the insertion of the psoas 
minor. Its radicles anastomose with those of the internal and external pudic veins 
(Figs. 576, 658). 
2. The iliaco-femoral or lateral circumflex veins (Vy. circumflexe femoris 
laterales) are the two satellites of the homonymous artery. They open a little 
higher than the obturator. 
The femoral vein (V. femoralis) (Figs. 575, 582) lies behind the artery in the 
proximal part of the thigh, lateral to it lower down. Its chief tributaries are: 
1. A large but short trunk is formed by the union of the deep femoral and 
the external pudic vein. The deep femoral vein (V. profunda femoris) corresponds 
