898 THE SENSE ORGANS AND COMMON INTEGUMENT OF THE OX 
wider part is pale, and arises beneath the cervico-auricularis superficialis indirectly 
from the scutiform cartilage. The two unite and are inserted into the lower aspect 
of the base of the conchal cartilage. (9) The scutulo-auricularis profundus minor 
arises from the temporal crest above the external acoustic meatus and is inserted 
into the anterior part of the deep face of the scutiform cartilage. 
The cavum tympani is small; it communicates ventrally with the air-cells of 
the bulla ossea. The tympanic membrane is nearly circular and is not so oblique 
as in the horse. The auditory ossicles are smaller than those of the horse; the 
malleus is more curved, the body of the incus is longer, and there is a small promi- 
nence on the front of the head of the stapes for the attachment of the stapedius 
muscle. 
The auditive or Eustachian tube is small and is only about two inches long. 
The pharyngeal opening is small and is situated on the side of the fornix of the 
pharynx close to the base of the cranium. There is no flap-like expansion of the 
cartilage, but the medial border of the orifice is formed by 
a fold of mucous membrane (Fig. 476). 
The internal ear has essentially the same arrangement 
as in the horse. 
COMMON INTEGUMENT 
The thickness of the skin of the ox is greater than 
that of any of the other domesticated animals; in general 
it is about three or four millimeters, but at the root of 
the tail and the point of the hock it is about five milli- 
meters and on the brisket six or seven millimeters. The 
variably developed prominence at the anterior part of the 
pectoral region known as the brisket consists of a fold of 
skin (Plica colli ventralis longitudinalis), which contains 
posteriorly a mass composed of coarse fibrous trabecule 
and fat. 
The cutaneous glands are fewer and less developed 
Pic. 721—Craws or Ox; than in the horse. Except about the natural openings, at 
een rere the point of the hock, and the flexion surface of the fet- 
fiir Kistler.) lock, the sweat glands do not form a coil, but are enlarged 
at the deep end and are variably flexuous. The sebaceous 
glands are best developed about the natural openings and on the udder, but there 
are none on the teats. The naso-labial glands form a thick layer under the bare 
skin of the muzzle. They are compound tubular glands and are lined with cubical 
epithelium. The openings of their excretory ducts are easily seen. 
The hairs are extremely variable in color and size in the different breeds and 
in different individuals. The hair of the frontal region is often curly, especially 
in the bull. There is no mane, and the long hairs of the tail occur only at the end, 
where they form the “brush” (Cirrus caude). 
The claws, four in number on each limb, cover the ends of the digits. Those 
of the chief digits conform in a general way to the shape of the third phalanges, 
and each may be regarded as having three surfaces. The abaxial surface is convex 
from side to side, and is marked by ridges parallel with the coronary border. Its 
anterior part is concave from edge to edge, and the angle which it forms with the 
ground is about 30°. The interdigital surface is concave and grooved; it touches 
the opposite claw only at its ends. The basal or ground surface consists of two 
parts, viz., a slightly concave sole, which is pointed in front and widens behind, and 
a prominent bulb of soft thin horn, which is continuous above with the skin. The 
claw may be regarded as consisting of three parts—periople, wall, and sole. The 
