96 



C. H. Boheman in 1843 as Anthonoaus grand is from an adult collected 1831- 

 1835, and labeled "Veracruz" w: ' h no host record. It crossed the Rio Grande 

 in 189^. and reached the enores of Virginia in 1922. As already mentioned, 

 early emphasis was placed on mechanical and cultural control. Even in 1910 

 the basic biology of the boll weevil was well understood, and its more im- 

 portant natural enemies were known. But interest in biological studies and 

 biological control diminished in the 1930' s when calcium arsenate was first 

 used as an effective control of the boll weevil. Later, in the mid-1940' s, 

 the highly persistent arsenate was replaced by a combination of DDT and toxa- 

 phene and related compounds. When DDT wc3 banned in 1972 by the Environmental 

 Protection Agency because of its persistence, it was fortunate that organo- 

 phosphate compounds such as methyl parathion, Guthion, and malathion were 

 available. But the ever-present threat of the weevil's developing resistance 

 to insecticides and the concurrent price we pay in killing off predators and 

 parasites of other cotton insects (especially the bollworm and tobacco budworm) 

 have led to the recent emphasis on an integrated program against the boll weevil. 



178. . 1976. Relative populations and suggested long-range movements of 

 boll weevils throughout the area of the Pilot Boll Weevil Eradication 

 Experiment as indicated by traps in 1973. In^ Boll Weevil Suppression, 

 Management, and Elimination Technology. Proceedings of a Conference, 

 February 13-15, 1974, Memphis, Tenn. U.S. Agric. Res. Serv. [Rep.] 

 ARS-S-71, pp. 103-107. . 

 During 1973, Leggett traps were used extensively for survey of native over- 

 wintered and subsequent generations of the boll weevil throughout the area 

 of the Pilot Boll Weevil Eradication Experiment (PBWEE) to indicate relative 

 population levels and long-range movement in the different zones. Trap sites 

 were located in radiating lines at 5~mi Intervals from Morgantown, Miss., 

 near the center of the core (zone I) . Some changes in trap sites were located 



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