273 



ness of these chenicala caused raatiy farmers to use then on a preventative 

 basis rather than usiaj' them as needed when economic thres'.iolds were exceediid. 

 Resistance In the boll weevil to the urj-.anochlorine Ins'^^'cticlde^-. , first re- 

 ported in 1955, de.ve.'oped through tho boll v/eevil-infested ^.;rt of the Cotton 

 Belt within a few yuars. Organophosphorus insecticides such as methyl para- 

 thion, nai.itiiion, and a.tinphostr.r.1 Iiyl were found to be effective and have been 

 used aitnost exclusively for boll weevil control for two decades without any 

 sip,n of rcf.istance developing. New chemicals that offer prouiise in managing 

 boll weevil populations are the synthetic pyrethroids and Dirailin®. Prior to 

 the 1950's, most insecticides were applied as dusts. With the advent of the 

 synthetic organic insecticides, liquid formulations, primarily emulsif iable 

 concentrates, came into general use. Presently most applications are made 

 with either high-cleara'.ce ground machines or airplanes in volumes of 1 to 

 5 gallons per acre. ULV (ultra low volume) ap{)lication (1/2 gallon per 

 acre or less) of insecticide has been dcmonotrated to be effective agains:. 

 the major cotton insect pcrsts, especially wl-.en airplanes are used to make 

 the applications. The advent of systomlc insecticides greatly enhanced 

 control of pests with pierclag-sucklng mouth parts fuc!i as thripa, aplilds, 

 spider mites, and plant bugs. Kov;ever, aldicarb i." the only syf^temic in- 

 secticide registered for bcJI weevil control ard its use is rather specialized. 



518. , p.nt: Pnrencla, C. U., Jr. 1977. Insect pest management in perspective. 



Bull. Entomol. Soc . Am. 23: 9-l'4. 

 Applied eatomologlsfcs have been and arc continuing to explore all control avenues 

 of potential promise. The .slo\/ness of progress is a measure of th,^ difficulty of 

 the problems. Team .iffortfj arc undervay among specialists in vSilou;; phases of 

 entomology and other disciplines to d:.>vclop integrated anproach.cs that utilize 

 several means of pest population n-umagcrE^-nL rather than a sini-le cortroJ measure. 

 Non^*" of this is real J y new. That is vh.at research in applied cntcmclcgy has been 



C;.S.D£PrOF.A(N?/cuLn«r 



^-•^•.vIA*'fc.-.«ft*i»..» -i, *i"'«^*i*^*Wwfl-***4ud;*.*J*^->»^»iWfti-ii*L-;^ iSi t^'iUirtWrtV-^Vm-^^ 



ORDER liNiT 



