368 



721. . 1968. Waging war on insects. Cotton Int. Ed. 35: 52, 53, 71. 



The control of cotton insects before 1940 was obtained with inorganic insecti- 

 cides applied in dust formulations. With the advent of the organic insecti- 

 cides in the 1940' s and their formula' m as emulsif iable concentrates, they 

 were applied as sprays thereafter. Further improveiacnt was made with the 

 development of the application of ultra-low volume technical undiluted mate- 

 rials. The organochlorine and organophosphorus and later carbamate compounds 

 considerably improved control of insects attacking cotton which included 

 thrips, cotton aphids, spider mites, boll weevils, bollworms, tobacco bud- 

 worms, cotton leafworms, pink bollworms, cotton fleahoppers, plant bugs, cotton 

 leaf perforators and minor pests of cotton. Control techniques were applied to 

 early- and in mid- or late-season depending on insect infestations during those 

 stages of cotton plant growth. 



722. . 1975. Research on measures to control cotton insects in the United 

 States of A-ierica. In Measures to Combat Insects, Document 8, 34th 

 Plenary Meeting of the International Cotton Advisory Committee, Abidjan, 

 Ivory Coast, (Nov. 1975), pp. 75-123 [Mimeagr.]. 



Cotton is grown from California in the West to the Carolinas in the East. The 

 principal injurious insects include the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman; 

 bollworm, Heliothi s zea (Boddie); tobacco budworm, H. vlrescens (F.); pink boll- 

 worm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders); cotton fleahopper, Pseudatomoscelis 

 seriatus (Renter); cotton aphid. Aphis gossypii Glover; and lygus bugs, Lygus 

 hesperus Knight and L^. lineolarl s (Palisot de Beauvois) . A number of other in- 

 sects and spider mites, Tetranychus spp., occasionally cause damage. Insecticides 

 have been and will continue to be the principal means of controlling insects in 

 the foreseeable future. However, because of rising costs, increasing resistance 

 in insects to insecticides and environmental considerations, emphasis is being 

 placed on other approaches to insect control. When such approaches to control 



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