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490 



(10.4 in.) and a range from 10 to 56 cm (4 to 22 in.), the average uprooting 

 time was 3.2 min/tree. At $22.50/h, the low-energy grubber averaged $1.20/tree. 



969. Widstroii, N. W. 1979. The role of insects and other plant pests in aflatoxln 

 contamination of corn, cotton, and peanuts - A review. J. Environ. Qual. 



8: 5-11. 

 The relationship of insects to certain fungi and moldy agricultural commodities 

 has received special attention in the last several years since it was determined 

 that some of the fungi produce aflatoxin and other toxic metabolites. These 

 fungi and their toxic by-products have been suggested for use as insecticides, 

 as a source of stable chemosterilants, and as potentially effective biological 

 control agents for various insect species. The principal role of the insect in 

 the toxin contamination of agricultural commodities is believed to be one of 

 predisposing plant tissue to invasion by the fungus. The European corn borer, 

 Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) , the corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie) , and the 

 fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), have been identified as the 

 major insectr- implicated in Aspergillus f lavus infection and subsequent afla- 

 toxin contamination of pre-harvest corn ( Zea mays L.). The pink bollworm, 

 Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), and, to a lesser extent, the boll weevil, 

 Anthonomus grandis Boheman, appear to be influential in predisposing cotton 

 ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) and cotton seed to A. flavus infection. The available 

 literature does" not provide conclusive evidence to positively link the pests of 

 peanuts ( Arachis hypogaea L.) with aflatoxin contamination of that crop. There- 

 fore, insect control is expected to be less helpful in solving the aflatoxin 

 contamination problem on peanuts than on corn or cotton. 



970. Wiygul, G., and Mitlin, 'N. 1976. Oxygen uptake in male and female boll 

 weevils, Anthonomus grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) , of 

 the ebony strain fed a laboratory diet. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 54A: 

 249-251. 



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