8 ELLWANGER & BARRTS 



When the earth is nearly filled in, a pail of water may be thrown on to settle and wash in the earth 

 around the roots ; then fill in the remainder and tread gently with the foot. The use of water is seldom 

 necessary, except in dry weather early in fall or late in spring. Guard against planting too deep ; the 

 trees, after the ground settles, should stand in this respect as they did in the nursery. Trees on dwarf 

 stock should stand so that all the stock be under the ground, and no more. In very dry, gravelly ground 

 the holes should be dug twice the usual size and depth, and filled in with good loamy soil. 



4th. STAKING. — If trees are tall and much exposed to winds, a stake should be planted with the 

 tree, to which it should be tied in such a manner as to avoid chafing. A piece of matting or cloth may 

 be put between the tree and the stake. 



5th. MULCHING. When the tree is planted throw around it as far as the roots extend, and a foot 

 beyond, five or six inches deep of rough manure or litter. This is particularly necessary in dry ground, 

 and is highly advantageous everywhere both in spring and fall planting. It prevents the ground from 

 baking or cracking, and maintains an equal temperature about the roots. 



6th. AFTER-CULTURE. — The grass should not be allowed to grow around young trees after being 

 planted, as it stunts their growth. The ground should be kept clean and loose around them until, at 

 least, they are of bearing size. 



Treatment of Trees that have been Frozen in the Packages or Received during Frosty 

 Weather. — Place the packages, unopened, in a cellar or some such place, cool, but free from frost, 

 until perfectly thawed, when they can be unpacked, and either planted or placed in a trench until con- 

 venient to plant. Treated thus, they will not be injured by the freezing. Trees procured in the fall for 

 spring planting, should be laid in trenches in a slanting position to avoid the winds ; the situation should 

 also be sheltered and the soil dry. A mulching on the roots and a few evergreen boughs over the tops 

 will afford good protection. 



DISTANCE BETWEEN TREES OR PLANTS IN PLANTATIONS 



Standard Apples, 30 to 40 feet apart each way. In poor soil, 25 feet may be enough. 



Standard Pears and Cherries, 20 feet apart each way. Cherries will do at 18 feet, and the 



dwarf growing sorts, Dukes and Morellos, even at 16 feet. 

 Standard Plums, Peaches, Apricots and Nectarines, 16 to 18 feet apart each way. 

 Quinces, 10 to 12 feet apart each way. 

 Dwarf or Pyramidal Pears, Cherries and Plums, 10 to 12 feet apart each way. The greater 



distance is better where land is not scarce . 

 Dwarf Apples (bushes), 6 feet apart. 



Currants, Gooseberries and Raspberries, 3 to 4 feet apart. 

 Blackberries, 6 to 7 feet apart. 

 Grapes, 8 to 10 feet apart. 

 Strawberries (see under strawberries). 



NUMBER OF TREES OR PLANTS ON AN ACRE AT VARIOUS DISTANCES. 



At 4 feet apart each way 2,729 



.< 5 « " 1,742 



a q << << T 1,200 



<< g " " . 680 



<< io " " 430 



<< 12 " " 325 



<< J5 << << . 200 



• < lg << " 135 



<< 20 " " HO 



" 25 " " 70 



<< gQ << ** ._ 50 



The number of plants required for an acre, at any given distance apart, may be ascertained by divid- 

 ing the number of square feet in aD acre (43,560) by the number of square feet given to each plant, which 

 is obtained by multiplying the distance between roics by the distance between the plants. Thus, straw- 

 berries planted three feet by one foot, gives each plant three square feet, or 14,520 plants to the acre. 



