Act. The former "authorized" cooperation 

 between the Secretary and the various States 

 "when requested to do so." The latter stated 

 in several places that "The Secretary of Agri- 

 culture is hereby authorized and directed" to 

 cooperate with the various States, State offi- 

 cials, and land grant colleges. We see here the 

 emergence of a broadened responsibility for 

 the Forest Service which goes beyond the 

 management of the National Forest System. 



A closer look at the Clarke-McNary Act in- 

 dicates that it sought much broader objectives 

 than ^state and private cooperation. It con- 

 tinued the matching funds feature of the 

 Weeks Act in providing for support of fire 

 protection, distribution of seeds for reforesta- 

 tion, studies of taxation on forest lands, and 

 aid to small woodlot owners. It is important 

 to note the wording of the law with respect to 

 overriding goals, as opposed to methods of 

 achievement. Throughout, forest protection is 

 emphasized. 



With respect to fire protection, section 1 

 of the act states that with the cooperation of 

 the appropriate State officials the Secretary 

 was to recommend "such systems of forest 

 fire prevention and suppression as will ade- 

 quately protect the timbered and cut-over 

 lands therein with a view to the protection of 

 forest and water resources and the continuous 

 production of timber on lands chiefly suitable 

 therefor" (emphasis added). Section 2 directs 

 the Secretary to cooperate with States if he 

 finds "that the system and practice of forest 

 fire prevention and suppression . . . sub- 

 stantially promotes the objects described in 

 [section 1]" in the "protection of timbered 

 and forest-producing lands from fire." Section 

 2 expands the area of cooperation, stating 

 that ". . . due consideration shall be given to 

 the protection of watersheds of navigable 

 streams, but . . . cooperation may ... be ex- 

 tended to any timbered or forest-producing 

 lands or watersheds from which water is se- 

 cured for domestic use or irrigation within the 

 cooperative States." Section 3 states that 

 studies are to be carried out on tax laws, tax 

 methods, and tax practices to discern their 

 "effect . . . upon forest perpetuation." It 

 further stipulates that the Secretary was to 

 cooperate with the States in "such investiga- 



tions and in devising tax laws designed to pro- 

 mote and encourage the conservation and 

 growing of timber, and to investigate and pro- 

 mote practical methods of insuring standing 

 timber on growing forests from losses by fire" 

 (emphasis added). Section 4 provides for 

 cooperation in the distribution of seeds and 

 tree plants "to the end that . . . [they] . . . 

 shall be used effectively for planting denuded 

 or non-forested lands . . . and growing timber 

 thereon." Sections 8 and 9 again emphasize 

 "lands chiefly valuable for streamflow protec- 

 tion or for timber production." Section 9 

 contains some provisions concerning military 

 lands, but those provisions do not in any way 

 imply rules for the management of other Na- 

 tional Forest lands. 



It is interesting to see how at times means 

 tended to be viewed as ends. Protection of the 

 forests from fire (fig. 6) may be a case in 

 point. We have seen in the discussion of these 

 two acts that fire protection was to be a tool 

 of forest management. Protection efforts 

 came to be overdone, however, to the point 

 where use of fire for silvicultural purposes was 

 suppressed to a great extent. The result of this 

 confusion of means and ends, it is claimed by 

 some (Schiff 1962), was deterioration of the 

 total forest environment. In recent years, 

 overprotection of the forest from fire has 

 been moderated, and controlled burning is 

 becoming recognized by the public as well as 

 by the Service as a useful option. 



The McSweeney-McNary Act 



On May 22, 1928, Congress passed the 

 McSweeney-McNary Act, the first important 

 piece of legislation that truly reflected the 

 evolving concept of multiple use management 

 of the National Forests. Although this statute 

 again emphasized the three resources specified 

 in the Act of 1897, the beginnings of a mul- 

 tiple use research orientation for the Forest 

 Service can be discerned. As amended by vari- 

 ous ensuing acts the bill authorizes and directs 

 the Secretary to conduct: 



Investigations, experiments, and 

 tests ... in order to determine, demon- 

 strate, and promulgate the best methods 

 of reforestation and of growing, manag- 



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