Figure 5. — The evolution of the concept of multiple use is suggested by these Forest Service 

 symbols. For more than 50 years the official emblem was the shield-shaped badge, used to 

 identify both the Forest Service and the National Forests. In 1955 the shield was enclosed 

 by a ring on which the multiple uses were spelled out. In 1960 the National Forest symbol 

 was designed. Its "multiple use tree,'" the central theme of the design, contains % six elements. 

 The five loops or branches stand for the five major resources, and the trunk for the nation 

 and its people who benefit from the use of these resources. The unbroken line symbolizes 

 the interrelationship and interdependence of the six elements. Shown also is the Forest 

 Service shield, pointing out a threefold responsibility for national leadership in forestry and 

 forest research as well as National Forest System management. 



statement, however, inasmuch as the 1913 

 Use Book stated that such activities "must be 

 subordinated to the regular protective and ad- 

 ministrative work of the Forest Service" 

 (Grazing Sec, p. 80). The Act of May 23, 

 1908 (35 Stat. 259) made such preservation 

 of wildlife incumbent upon the Forest Serv- 

 ice. The 1921 Use Book recognized that 

 "game is a product of the forests. It adds ma- 

 terially to the enjoyment of the National For- 

 ests ... as well as to their possible economic 

 uses." It was stated that "failure to take an 

 active part in game protection will be con- 

 sidered neglect of duty" (p. 70). 



The conflicting and often confusing evi- 

 dence of the development of management di- 

 rection found in the JJse Books may well be 

 due to the purposes for which they were writ- 

 ten. They were not meant to be an ongoing 

 coordinated policy statement, but were com- 

 munications from Washington to the field, 

 often stressing specific problems, and this in- 

 fluenced the directions provided and stressed. 

 It is not entirely correct to consider them 

 equivalent to the current Forest Service Man- 

 ual. Any priorities among forest uses and re- 

 sources established during this period by ad- 

 ministrative fiat must be seen as temporary 

 and situation oriented. Outstanding in virtu- 

 ally every Use Book is the concern for the 



perpetuation of the forest environment and 

 its protection from depredation. All re- 

 sources, even timber and watershed manage- 

 ment, were subject to this overriding provi- 

 sion. 



The Appropriation Acts 



The belief of both the Congress and the 

 Forest Service that many uses of the forest 

 are compatible and permissible in forest land 

 management is adequately documented by 

 the various appropriation acts that apply to 

 the agency. None of them provides substantial 

 insight, however, into the priorities that were 

 being established for the use of the resources 

 of the forested lands. They provide for special 

 functions and uses, but they do not supply 

 the information needed by the Forest Service 

 to solve conflicts. 



Various Agricultural Appropriation Acts 

 allotted funds or otherwise provided for such 

 activities as the following: wildlife manage- 

 ment and fish stocking in National Forest 

 waters (34 Stat. 1269, 1905); issuance of per- 

 mits for construction of private buildings for 

 recreational purposes, and funds for range im- 

 provement and range research (38 Stat. 1101, 

 1915); construction of watering places, cor- 

 rals, and range division fences and eradication 

 of poisonous plants (39 Stat. 1450, 1917); 



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