is subject to sale, and this statement is re- 

 peatecTin subsequent years. 32 Prior to enact- 

 ment of the Transfer Act, the Department of 

 Interior had stated even more forcefully that 

 "timber will be sold, both live and dead, 

 whenever the removal of such material will be 

 beneficial, or at least not detrimental, to the 

 forest reserves." 33 



These statements can be and at times were 

 read to imply that all uses were to be subordi- 

 nated to timber uses. It is apparent that the 

 terms "safely" and "not detrimental" referred 

 to protection of the productivity of the land 

 and watershed. But the emphasis was not al- 

 ways in that direction. The 1906 Use Book 

 contains similarly ambiguous statements on 

 subordination of other uses to timber and 

 water. It states that "the Forest Service will 

 allow the use of the forage crop of the re- 



32 As noted by McCloskey (1961), p. 67. See for 

 example, Use Book, 1906, p. 35, and 1907, p. 61. 



33 U.S. Department of Interior. Forest reserve man- 

 ual, for the information and use of forest officers, 

 1902, p. 14. 



serves as fully as the proper care and mainte- 

 nance of the forests and water supply per- 

 mits," and calls for the exclusion of livestock 

 for as long as necessary to protect "camping 

 places, lakes, and streams, roads, and trails, 

 etc." (p. 71, 80). It is stated also that "Forest 

 Reserves are for the purpose of preserving a 

 perpetual supply of timber for home indus- 

 tries, preventing destruction of the forest 

 cover which regulates the flow of streams, and 

 protecting local residents from unfair compe- 

 tition in the use of forest and range" (p. 13). 



The books for the next few years contain 

 many examples of subordination of one re- 

 source or use to another unde*r particular con- 

 ditions. Grazing (along with recreation and 

 wildlife) is referred to as an "incidental use" 

 (1907, p. 22-23). Grazing was viewed, in 

 1913, as a temporary privilege to be allowed 

 "only when it does not interfere with the pur- 

 pose for which the National Forests are crea- 

 ted" (Grazing Sec, p. 11). The year 1913 also 

 saw grazing take second place to wildlife man- 

 agement with respect to natural breeding or 

 feeding grounds (p. 35). 



Figure 3. — Recreational use of the National Forests has increased substantially since 1920, 

 but it still consists largely of camping and sightseeing from the relative comfort of an 

 automobile. 



19 



