[Mirb.] Franco) and ponderosa pine (Pinics ponderosa 

 Laws.) dominate the overstory community; the Physocar- 

 pus union characterizes the imderstory. High percentages 

 of ninebark (Physocarpus malvaceus Greene) and ocean- 

 spray {Holodiscus discolor Pursh [Maxim.]) tj'pify this 

 union. Other shrub species occurring in lower percentages 

 are serviceberry {Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.), syringa 

 (Philadelphus lewisii Pursh), baldhip rose {Rosa gymno- 

 carpa Nutt.), spirea {Spiraea betulifolia Pall.), and com- 

 mon snowberry {Symphoricarpics albm [L.] Blake). 

 Herbaceous species include largeleaf sandwort {Arenaria 

 macrophylla Hook.), heartleaf arnica {Arnica cordifolia 

 Hook.), wild strawberry {Fragaria spp.), and Columbia 

 brome {Bromus vulgaris Hook.). 



Current shrub vegetation on the area consists predomi- 

 nantly of ninebark, serviceberry, blueberry {Vaccinium 

 globulare Rydb.) and currant {Ribes spp.). Herbaceous 

 species include brodiea {Brodiaea elegans Hoover), hoimds- 

 tongue {Cynoglossum spp.), buckbean {Thermopsis montana 

 Nutt.), pinegrass {Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl.), and 

 orchardgrass {Dactylis glomerata L.). 



Study Area 2: Tee Meadows— The Tee Meadows study 

 area is located in the Vassar Meadow complex of the 

 Palouse Ranger District, Clearwater National Forest. The 

 area is part of the Musselshell Basalt Lands Subsection 

 (Arnold 1975). The general topography of the area is fairly 

 moderate. Elevation of this study area is 883 m. 



The soils in this area are of the fragipan phase of the 

 Andeptic Paleboralfs, medial over loamy mixed family. 

 These soils, formed in a thick (35- to 65-cm) layer of 

 volcanic ash, are very deep, moderately well drained, and 

 underlain by loess. But because a fragipan exists, infiltra- 

 tion and permeability are slow to very slow. Available 

 water capacity is low, and effective rooting depth is only 

 51 to 77 cm. Erosion potential is high when vegetation 

 cover is removed. 



The climate for this study area is subhumid to humid, 

 with a mediterranean precipitation pattern of cool, dry 

 summers and cool, wet winters. The annual precipitation 

 for the area is 90 cm and the mean annual temperature is 

 7 °C. 



The Tee Meadows study area is in the Abies grandis/ 

 Clintonia uniflora habitat type, Clintonia unijlora phase. 

 This is one of the major habitat types of northern Idaho 

 (Cooper and others 1985). An overstory of grand fir {Abies 

 grandis [Dougl.] Lindl.) and an understory of moist-site 

 forbs such as queencup beadlily {Clintonia uniflora 

 [Schult.] Kunth), starry solomonplume {Smilacina stellata 

 [L.] Desf.), sweetscented bedstraw {Galium triflorum 

 Michx.), goldenthread {Coptis occidentalis [Nutt.] T. G.), 

 fairybells {Disporum hookeri [Torr.] Nicholson), and 

 American adenocaulon {Adenocaulon bicolor Hook.) domi- 

 nate the potential natural community. Western thimble- 

 berry {Rubus parviflorus Nutt.), baldhip rose, Utah 

 honeysuckle {Lonicera utahensis Wats.), and blueberry are 

 shrubs that are commonly found in serai plant com- 

 munities of this habitat tj-pe. 



The dominant species for the Tee Meadows study area 

 were orchardgrass, timothy {Phleum pratense L.), elk 

 sedge {Carex geyeri Boott), wild strawberry, sweetscented 

 bedstraw, starry solomonplume, and buckbean. 



Study Area 3: Hume Creek— The Hume Creek study 

 area is located in the Hume Creek drainage of the St. 

 Maries Ranger District, Idaho Panhandle National Forests. 

 It is in the Central Idaho Rocky Mountains Major Land 

 Resource Area (Austin 1972). Topography in this area is 

 level to moderately sloped, with an average slope angle of 

 15 percent. 



Soils in the Hume Creek study area were formed in 

 thick loess layers over basalt terraces. These soils fall in 

 the Reggear series (cool phase) and are classified as fine- 

 silty, mixed Typic Fragiboralfs. The soils are primarily silt 

 loams, grading to silty clay loams in the lower horizons, 

 and are moderately deep with a fragipan occurring be- 

 tween 50 cm and 100 cm. The soils are well drained, with 

 permeability being moderate to poor due to the fragipan. 

 Available water capacity is low, and rooting depth is 

 shallow. The erosion hazard on these soils increases from 

 slight on the gentle slopes to severe on the steep slopes. 



The climate in this area is characterized by a mediterra- 

 nean precipitation pattern of cool, wet winters and cool, 

 dry summers common to northern Idaho. The mean annual 

 precipitation for the site is 69 cm. The mean annual air 

 temperature is 8 °C. 



This study area is located in a Thuja plicata/Clintonia 

 unijlora habitat type, Clintonia unijlora phase (Cooper 

 and others 1985). In the potential natural communitj^ 

 western redcedar {Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don) 

 dominates the overstory, and the understory consists of 

 the Clintonia union. The presence of queencup beadlilj", 

 sweetscented bedstraw, goldthread, rattlesnake plantain 

 {Goodyera oblongifolia Raf.), and foamflower {Tiarella 

 trifoliata L.) typifies this union. Unlike the other two 

 sites, ponderosa pine does not occur as a serai tree species 

 under natural conditions; however, it will grow where 

 planted. 



The predominant species present in the Hume Creek 

 study area are western yarrow {Achillea millefolium L.), 

 thistle {Cirsium spp.), wild strawberry, clover {Trifolium 

 spp.), orchardgrass, and bluegrass {Poa spp.) 



PLANTING PROCEDURES 



During the spring of 1983 the Indian Springs study area 

 was planted with 2-0 bareroot ponderosa pine and 

 Douglas-fir obtained from the Forest Ser\ice nursery, 

 Coeur d'Alene, ID. Each tree was planted in a scalped 

 area 30 cm by 30 cm with use of a planting hoe. In addi- 

 tion, each tree was shaded using a 30-cm by 35-cm card on 

 a 30-cm stake. The selected plot was planted at a rate of 

 1,977 trees per hectare. The two species were planted 

 alternately, with a spacing of 6.7 m. This resulted in 28 

 rows consisting of 28 trees per row in each plot. Within 

 each plot, an indi\'idual tree planter planted all of one 

 species to insure uniformity of planting. 



The Tee Meadows study area was also planted during 

 the spring of 1983. Because Tee Meadows is cooler and 

 wetter than Indian Springs, ponderosa pine and western 

 white pine {Pinus monticola Dougl.) were planted. The 

 same planting techniques were used at Tee Meadows as 

 were used on the Indian Springs study site. 



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