Table 6 (Con.) 



Species 



Silvicultural 

 method 



Percent 

 cover 



Percentage 

 of sites 



Lodgepole 

 pine 



Western 

 larch 



Ponderosa 

 pine 



Douglas-fir 



Engelmann 

 spruce 



Grand 

 fir 



Clearcut 

 Seed-tree cut 



Ponderosa pine 

 Douglas-fir 

 Engelmann spruce 

 Douglas-fir 

 Grand fir 

 Shelterwood cut 



Lodgepole pine 

 Grand fir 

 Douglas-fir 

 Engelmann spruce 

 Grand fir 

 Selection cut 



Engelmann spruce 

 Grand fir 



15 

 3 

 3 

 3 

 3 



1 



53 

 15 

 3 

 18 



18 

 45 



82 

 7 



50 



50 

 7 



50 

 50 



100 



Grand Fir/Blue Huckleberry Habitat Type 



26 — 100 56 



— 44 44 



- - Seedling occurrence (percent) within seed-tree cuts 



— — — 100 



74—0 



- Seedling occurrence (percent) within shelterwood cuts 



100 



0—0 



- Seedling occurrence (percent) within selection cuts 



24 

 



76 



100 



53 

 24 



100 



100 



16 



100 



1 Seed source within 100 feet (30 m) of sample plot. 



Ponderosa Pine— Ponderosa pine occurred most often in 

 the warm, dry Douglas-fir/ white spirea h.t. Here, ponder- 

 osa pine regeneration was highest under shelterwoods, 

 while in both of the cooler, moister grand fir habitat 

 types, regeneration was highest under selection cuts and 

 on clearcuts. Ponderosa pine seed does not disseminate 

 naturally over long distances; in central Oregon, most seed 

 fell within 132 ft (40 m) of the seed source (Barrett 1966). 

 Curtis and Foiles (1961) reported that in central Idaho, 

 most ponderosa pine seed fell within 66 ft (20 m) of the 

 seed source. 



As with the lodgepole pine and western larch, scarifica- 

 tion treatments produced the largest number of ponderosa 

 pine seedlings. Tackle and Roy (1953), Roy (1983), and 

 Shearer and Schmidt (1970) indicated that scarification 

 treatments resulted in more seedlings than did other treat- 

 ments. Foiles and Curtis (1965) reported that the seed-to- 

 seedling ratio was 55:1 on scarified areas, while the ratio 

 was 6,150:1 on unscarified areas. In the Douglas-fir/white 

 spirea and grand fir/blue huckleberry h.t., light scarifica- 

 tion was best, while in the grand fir/mountain maple h.t., 

 most seedlings occurred from heavy scarification. Moss 

 mats, rotten wood, and bare soil were moderately efficient 

 and very efficient seedbeds in the Douglas-fir/white spirea 

 and the grand fir/blue huckleberry h.t. Most seedlings 

 were found in moderate shade in all three habitat types. 

 Big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), thimbleberry, rose 

 (Rosa spp.), and serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia) were 

 very efficient covers. 



Not all of the incidences of ponderosa pine resulted from 

 natural seedfall. In the Douglas-fir/white spirea h.t., 16 

 percent of the occurrences of ponderosa pine resulted 

 from seed caches. In both the grand fir/mountain maple 



and grand fir/blue huckleberry h.t., 17 percent of the oc- 

 currences were in seed caches. In central Idaho, McConkie 

 and Mowat (1936) found that 14 percent of the ponderosa 

 pine occurrences were the result of seed caches. Saigo 

 (1969) and West (1968), both working on the east side of 

 the central Oregon Cascades, found that seedling caches 

 occurred 21 and 15 percent, respectively. 



Various animals have been implicated as the source of 

 these seed caches. Giuntoli and Mewaldt (1978), in the 

 Bitterroot Range in Montana, found that Clark's nut- 

 cracker (Nucifraga columbiana) ate and probably cached 

 ponderosa pine seed in the same manner that limber pine 

 (Pinus flexilis) and whitebark pine (P. albicaulis) are 

 stored (Giuntoli and Mewaldt 1978; Lanner and Vander 

 Wall 1980; Vander Wall and Balda 1977; Vander Wall and 

 Hutchins 1983). Saigo (1969) indicated that most seed 

 caches in her study area probably resulted from the 

 golden-mantled ground squirrel (Spermophilus lateralis) or 

 the yellow pine chipmunk (Eutamias amoenus). Both of 

 these rodents are present in central Idaho. However, the 

 yellow pine chipmunk was probably most common within 

 the studied habitat types (Steele 1986). Other animals in 

 the study areas, namely the Steller's jay (Cyanocitta 

 stelleri) and deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), also 

 cache seed. However, these animals cache single seeds 

 rather than groups of seed (Hofmann 1923; Lanner 1980). 

 Seedlings that may have resulted from single seed caches 

 could not be distinguished from seedlings that resulted 

 from natural seedfall. 



Douglas-fir— Douglas-fir occurrence was similar to the 

 occurrence of ponderosa pine. It was highest in the 

 Douglas-fir/white spirea h.t. and lowest in the grand fir/ 

 blue huckleberry h.t. Douglas-fir seedlings were found in 



9 



