Ponderosa Pine— Small clearcuts or ponderosa pine 

 seed-tree cuts with heavy scarification are effective. Seed- 

 lings will establish under moderate shade, particularly 

 under thimbleberry and rose. 



Douglas-fir— Small clearcuts, seed-tree cuts, or shelter- 

 woods can be used. Douglas-fir seedlings will establish on 

 residual duff, but regeneration is best on sites with light 

 or heavy scarification. Seedlings will establish under most 

 covers, although regeneration may be low on sites with 

 high coverage of ninebark. 



Engelmann Spruce— Shelterwoods or brushy seed-tree 

 cuts that have been lightly scarified should regenerate 

 well. Seedlings will establish under heavy shade, particu- 

 larly on sites with Sitka alder, thimbleberry, and 

 mountain-ash. 



Grand Fir— Scarified shelterwoods are best. Broadcast- 

 burned clearcuts that provide moderate shade should also 

 regenerate well. 



Grand Fir/Blue Huckleberry Habitat Type 



Lodgepole Pine— Small clearcuts, seed-tree cuts, or 

 shelterwood cuts with good lodgepole pine seed sources 

 around or within the cutting unit are effective. Light 

 scarification is best. Seedlings will establish in moderate 

 shade, particularly on sites with Utah honeysuckle, white 

 spirea, and thimbleberry. 



Ponderosa Pine— Good seedling establishment should 

 occur on small, lightly scarified clearcuts or seed-tree cuts 

 with well-placed seed-trees. Seedlings should establish well 

 in moderate shade, especially on sites with thimbleberry. 



Douglas-fir— Small clearcuts and seed-tree cuts should 

 produce good results. Both scarification and broadcast 

 burning can be used. Seedlings will regenerate under 

 heavy shade, particularly on sites with thimbleberry and 

 pachistima. 



Engelmann Spruce— Lightly scarified shelterwoods can 

 be used to regenerate Engelmann spruce. Seedlings will 

 do well under light cover, particularly under the cover of 

 thimbleberry, blue huckleberry, Scouler willow, and Utah 

 honeysuckle. 



Grand Fir— Small scarified or broadcast-burned clearcuts 

 that produce heavy shade cover will regenerate well. 

 Cover of thimbleberry, blue huckleberry, and Scouler 

 willow should provide good cover. 



Even though stocking of natural seedlings currently is 

 low in central Idaho, natural regeneration can be used as 

 a viable alternative to planting. While the results of this 

 study are not conclusive, data from this and other investi- 

 gations should help to determine the best methods to re- 

 generate natural seedlings. With further study and careful 

 application of silvicultural treatments and site prepara- 

 tions, stocking of natural regeneration should increase in 

 time. 



REFERENCES 



Alexander, R. R. 1969. Seedfall and establishment of 

 Engelmann spruce in clearcut openings: a case history. 

 Res. Pap. RM-53. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of 



Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and 

 Range Experiment Station. 8 p. 



Alexander, R. R.; Edminster, C. B.; Watkins, R. K. 1986. 

 Estimating potential Engelmann spruce seed production 

 on the Fraser Experimental Forest, Colorado. Res. Pap. 

 RM-269. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agricul- 

 ture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range 

 Experiment Station. 7 p. 



Barrett, J. S. 1966. A record of ponderosa pine seed 

 flight. Res. Note PNW-38. Portland, OR: U.S. Depart- 

 ment of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest 

 Forest and Range Experiment Station. 5 p. 



Boe, K. N. 1953. Western larch and Douglas-fir seed 

 dispersal in clearcuttings. Res. Note 129. Missoula, MT: 

 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North- 

 ern Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment 

 Station. 3 p. 



Boe, K. N. 1956. Regeneration and slash disposal in lodge- 

 pole pine clearcuttings. Northwest Science. 30: 1-11. 



Boyd, R. J. 1969. Some case histories of natural regenera- 

 tion in the western white pine type. Res. Pap. INT-63. 

 Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest 

 Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment 

 Station. 24 p. 



Boyd, R. J.; Deitschman, G. H. 1969. Site preparation aids 

 natural regeneration in western larch-Engelmann spruce 

 strip clearcuttings. Res. Pap. INT-64. Ogden, UT: U.S. 

 Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermoun- 

 tain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 10 p. 



Curtis, J. D.; Foiles, M. W. 1961. Ponderosa pine seed 

 dissemination into group clearcuttings. Journal of 

 Forestry. 59: 766-767. 



Dahms, W. G. 1963. Dispersal of lodgepole pine seed into 

 clear-cut patches. Res. Note PNW-3. Portland, OR: U.S. 

 Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific 

 Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 7 p. 



Daniel, T. W.; Helms, J. A.; Baker, F. S. 1979. Principles 

 of silviculture. San Francisco: McGraw-Hill. 500 p. 



Day, R. J. 1964. The microenvironments occupied by 

 spruce and fir regeneration in the Rocky Mountains. 

 Department of Forestry Publication 1037. Ottawa, 

 Canada: Department of Forestry, Forest Research 

 Branch. 25 p. 



Day, R. J.; Duffy, P. J. B. 1963. Regeneration after log- 

 ging in the Crowsnest Forest. Department of Forestry 

 Publication 1007. Ottawa, Canada: Department of 

 Forestry, Forest Research Branch. 32 p. 



Fiedler, C. E.; McCaughey, W. W.; Schmidt, W. C. 1985. 

 Natural regeneration in Intermountain spruce-fir forests 

 —a gradual process. Res. Pap. INT-343. Ogden, UT: 

 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Inter- 

 mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 12 p. 



Foiles, M. W.; Curtis, J. D. 1965. Natural regeneration of 

 ponderosa pine on scarified group cuttings in central 

 Idaho. Journal of Forestry. 63: 530-535. 



Gashwiler, J. S. 1970. Plant and mammal changes on a 

 clearcut in west-central Oregon. Ecology. 51: 1018-1026. 



Giuntoli, M.; Mewaldt, L. R. 1978. Stomach contents of 

 Clark's nutcrackers collected in western Montana. Auk. 

 95: 595-598. 



Harper, J. L. 1977. Population biology of plants. San 

 Francisco: Academic Press. 892 p. 



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