principle is sound. Ruskin summed it up 

 this way: 



God has given us the Earth for our life. 

 It is a gi-eat entail. It belongs as much to 

 those who follow us as it does to us, and 

 we have no right by anything we may do 

 or neglect to do to involve them in un- 

 necessary penalties or deprive them of 

 benefits which are theirs by right. 



Thus, we must endeavor to provide the 

 combination of products required by the 

 present generation, and at the same time 

 secure production alternatives for the future. 

 The Challenge for multiple use research is 

 to help provide not only the data but also 

 the framework on which this type of pro- 

 gram must be based. 



Multiple Use Analysis 



From a practical standpoint there are 

 two fundamental types of multiple use re- 

 search: resource-oriented and area-oriented.^ 

 To draw such a distinction may be a little 

 hazardous because the separation is not al- 

 ways clear-cut. Yet there is a sharp differ- 

 ence in method and objectives. Both, how- 

 ever, are essential and nothing in this 

 discussion should be construed as an effort 

 to rank them in order of importance. 



The resource-oriented approach seeks to 

 discover interrelations among the several 

 resources; e.g., how the management of one 

 resource affects production in others or how 

 one use of a particular resource affects other 

 uses of the same resource. Thus, physical 

 rates of substitution between resources or re- 

 source uses, and even cost and benefit com- 

 parisons of alternative production combin- 

 ations may be taken into account. Resource- 

 oriented studies may deal with a single re- 

 source in alternative uses, with two re- 



-In this connection, "ared' connotes more than 

 space or location; for purposes of this discussion an 

 area is a segment of the natural environment and 

 human culture, which we may call a human ecologi- 

 cal community. 



There may be "people-oriented" multiple use 

 analysis, which would look at resource relationships 

 from a standpoint of the needs of society. It will be 

 seen that, for specific areas at least, this aspect 

 is encompassed in area-oriented analysis. 



sources, or with several. They may range 

 from highly abstract to primarily empirical 

 methods. 



Typical of an abstract approach is the 

 effort by Gregory^ to fit multiple use into 

 joint production theory. Another example is 

 Hopkin's^ hypothetical transformation curve 

 showing the different numbers of cattle and 

 deer that could be produced simultaneously 

 on a land unit. After the curve is constructed, 

 Hopkin assumes a price ratio or value rela- 

 tion between deer and cattle and illustrates 

 the optimum production level of each. To 

 the manager of public lands, the real prob- 

 lem in applying such a theory lies in estab- 

 lishing a meaningful value relation between 

 a cow and a deer. In spite of this problem, 

 theoretical models help to sharpen our con- 

 ceptual framework, provided we recognize 

 the critical limitations that result from tak- 

 ing the problem out of context. 



A good example of an empirical study 

 in resource-oriented multiple use analysis is 

 the so-called Beaver Creek Project in central 

 Arizona. In the Salt and Verde River basins 

 northeast of Phoenix, the Rocky Mountain 

 Forest and Range Experiment Station in co- 

 operation with several other agencies has set 

 up a carefully designed study to deteiTnine 

 the response of water yield to various treat- 

 ments of the watershed.' Initially a water 

 problem, the project has broadened into a 

 sound multiple use research program. Its 

 purpose is to determine the effect of various 

 watershed management practices not only 

 on water yield, but also on livestock, forage, 

 timber production, wildlife habitat, and rec- 

 reation potential. In addition to gathering 

 much needed data on physical interrelations 

 and production rates, the plan calls for an 

 evaluation of costs and benefits involved in 

 the various land treatment measures. 



The infonnation being developed by re- 

 source-oriented studies is basic to an under- 



'Gregory, G. Robinson. An economic approach to 

 multiple use. Forest Sci. 1:6-13. 1955. 



^Hopkin, John A. Use of economics in making 

 decisions relating to range use. Jour. Farm Econ. 

 38: 1594-1603. 1956. 



^U.S. Forest Service. Rocky Mountain Forest 

 and Range Expt. Station Annual Report(s) , 1961-63. 



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