120 r- 



(0 



<2 100 



0) 

 (0 

 Q. 



lO 

 CM 

 k. 

 0) 



«: 

 < 



80 



60 



0) 

 > 



o 



O 40 



o 

 > 



Leersia 



• Carex 

 > Lycopodium 



• Maianthemum 

 Oxalis 



<^ Viola 

 \^ Lichens 

 Rubus 



- 201- 



• Mosses 



> Dryopteris 

 Aster 



1 



I 



1 



20 40 60 80 100 



Relative Cover After 500 Passes 



Figure 25— Relative cover after light and 

 heavy trampling for abundant species in 

 four vegetation types in New Hampshire's 

 White Mountains. 



c 

 a> 

 u 



o> 



Q. 



c u 

 — a> 



0) cc 



o ._ 



c a> 



o 

 O 



> 



« 



Rubus I 



Maianthemum 



Lycopodium^ 

 Mosses « 



Lichens* 



100 80 60 40 20 

 Relative Cover After Trampling (percent) 

 Resistance Index 



Figure 27 — Resistance, tolerance, and 

 resilience of abundant species in four veg- 

 etation types in New Hampshire's White 

 Mountains. Resilience is indicated by the 

 perpendicular distance from the diagonal 

 line of equal resistance and tolerance. 



140 r- 



120 



(0 

 (D 

 (0 

 <0 

 (0 

 Q. 



in 



CM 



< 



> 

 O 



o 



0) 



> 40 

 O 



^ 20 



100 



80 



60 



* Rubus 



9 Carex 



Viola9 Aster 



mLycopodium ^Leersia 

 • Mosses 



9 Oxalis 



9 Dryopteris 



• Lichens 



1 



1 



I 



J 



20 40 60 80 100 



Relative Cover After 500 Passes 



Figure 26 — Relative cover 1 year after light 

 and heavy trampling for abundant species 

 in four vegetation types in New Hampshire's 

 White Mountains. 



Carex bigelowii. It was quite resistant to trampling 

 and moderately resilient; therefore, its tolerance was 

 moderately high. It responded similarly during tram- 

 pling experiments in Scotland (Bayfield 1979). A vari- 

 ety of erect, herbaceous plants had low resistance and 

 moderate to high resilience and tolerance. These in- 

 cluded a fern (Dryopteris spinulosa) and three forbs 

 (Rubus pubescens, Maianthemum canadensis, and 

 Aster acuminatus). The mosses and lichens, found in 

 the Carex type, and Lycopodium lucidulum all had 

 low resiUence and tolerance, although the mosses and 

 Lycopodium were quite resistant initially. The re- 

 sponses oi Leersia oryzoides and Viola pallens were 

 intermediate between the Carex and the erect forbs. 

 Oxalis montana was intermediate between the erect 

 forbs and the plants with low resilence. 



Table 19 classifies the responses of less common spe- 

 cies as low, moderate, or high. As elsewhere, the shrub 

 (Vaccinium uliginosum or bog bilberry) had moder- 

 ate resistance, but low resihence and tolerance. The 

 clubmoss (Lycopodium) also had relatively high resis- 

 tance, but low resilience and tolerance. Like shrubs, 

 clubmosses are chamaephytes with perennating tis- 

 sues located above ground. This characteristic gen- 

 erally appears to be associated with low resilience 

 and tolerance. Graminoids had moderate to high re- 

 sistance and moderate resilience and tolerance. 

 Ferns had low resistance and moderate resilience and 

 tolerance. The forbs generally had low resistance. 

 However, resihence and tolerance varied from low to 



35 



