CONTENTS 



Page 



Introduction 1 



Study Areas 1 



Experimental Methods 2 



Data Analysis 2 



Bare Ground 2 



Relative Vegetation Cover 3 



Relative Height 3 



Species Richness 3 



Species Composition 3 



Durability Indices 3 



Individual Species Responses 3 



Statistical Inference 4 



Effects of Trampling in the Cascade Mountains 4 



Bare Ground and Vegetation Cover 5 



Vegetation Height 7 



Species Richness and Composition 9 



General Appearance 1 1 



Summary Indicators 1 1 



Individual Species Responses 12 



Effects of Trampling in the Rocky Mountains 14 



Bare Ground and Vegetation Cover 17 



Vegetation Height 19 



Species Richness and Composition 20 



General Appearance 21 



Page 



Summary Indicators 22 



Individual Species Responses 23 



Effects of Trampling in the White Mountains 25 



Bare Ground and Vegetation Cover 28 



Vegetation Height 29 



Species Richness and Composition 30 



General Appearance 33 



Summary Indicators 33 



Individual Species Responses 33 



Effects of Trampling in the Great Smoky 



Mountains 36 



Bare Ground and Vegetation Cover 38 



Vegetation Height 40 



Species Richness and Composition 41 



General Appearance 42 



Summary Indicators 42 



Individual Species Responses 44 



Discussion and Management Implications 46 



Vegetation Responses to Trampling 46 



Variation Among Vegetation Types 46 



Effects of Various Levels of Trampling 48 



Factors That Influence Response 48 



Conclusions 52 



References 52 



Appendix: Species Lists for the Four Regions 54 



