CONTENTS 



INTRODUCTION 1 



SPORE VIABILITY AND GERMINATION 3 



Aeciospores 3 



Urediniospores 5 



Teliospores 6 



Basidiospores 10 



INFECTION 13 



Comandra 13 



Pine 14 



OVERWINTERING 16 



PHENOLOGY OF LODGEPOLE PINE, COMANDRA, AND CRONARTIUM 



C0M/4iVZ)/M£" IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN STATES 16 



SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 24 



LITERATURE CITED 27 



iii 



