13. Noskowiak, A. F. 



1959. Spiral grain patterns in red pine and relationship of age and radial growth rate to 

 change of grain angle. Doctoral thesis, State Univ. of New York, College of 

 Forest., Syracuse, N.Y. 



14. Rault, J. P., andE. K. Marsh. 



1952. The incidence and sylvicultural implications of spiral grain in Pinus longtfolia, 



Roxh. in South Africa and its effect on converted timber. S. Afr. Forest Prod. 

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15. Rudinsky, J. A., and J. P. Vite. 



1959. Certain ecological and phylogenetic aspects of the pattern of water conduction in 

 conifers. Forest Sci. 5: 259-266. 



16. Wellner, C. A. 



1960. Devices to measure spiral grain and twisting in poles . J. Forest. 58: 117-118. 



17. Wilson, T. R. C. 



1921. The effect of spiral grain on the strength of wood. J. Forest. 19: 740-747. 



AFPS, Ogden, Utah 



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