758 



and the old fronds are thrown off in spring, at whicli time of the 

 year they are washed up on the beach in great numbers by the 

 heavy storms. Even in May and June, how^ever, specimens may be 

 found wliich still have the old lamina attached. 



Fig. 161. Stipes and haptera of Laminoria hyperborra with a dense covering of epiphytes. On the stipes, Plo- 

 camium coccinenm is prominent; on the haplera, Callophyllis laciniata and Euthora cristata. Uppermost on the 

 stipes we find Ceramium rubrum, Polysiphonia urceolata, Delcsscria alata, Polysiphonia eldngata. (F. B. phot. 



The Laminaria hijperborea association grows more or less densely 

 in all suitable localities down to a depth of 10 — 15 fathoms^ (Sim- 

 mons gave 25 meters). Besides the above mentioned epiphytes, 



^ It is hardly probable that the Laminaria hijperborea should be found forming 

 an association below this depth; but a single specimen ma}^ well be dredged now 

 and then from a still greater depth. 



