Seedlings grown in the openings were superior in shoot and root lengths and bio- 

 masses to seedlings from most of the pine-influenced treatments. Poorest growth in the 

 openings occurred where fierce competition existed between the pine seedlings and grass 

 species. Within the pine stand, reduced seedling size and vigor were attributed to the 

 abundant overstory canopy, which decreased light quantity and soil and air temperatures, 

 to the organic layer, which created poor moisture conditions and a physical barrier to 

 growing seedlings, and to the root systems of larger trees, which were a physical barrier 

 to seedling root penetration. Moreover, the location of these plots allowed for more 

 seedling injury, as well as mortality, because of cutworm, small mammal, and bird feed- 

 ing activities. 



The importance of the removal of litter and competing vegetation in reforestation 

 practices is emphasized here. Small openings within a stand, either man-made or natural, 

 appear to be ideal locations for regeneration, especially pine regeneration in a Douglas- 

 fir habitat type. This study also points out the value of site preparation by fire. 

 Seedlings grown in areas properly treated by fire will likely have distinct survival 

 and growth advantages. 



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