they are still attached to the seedling, thereby breaking a portion of the cotyledons. 

 These two types of mortal injury (cutworm versus birds and small mammals) seemed to 

 occur at different times, with only a slight overlap (fig. 5). The seedlings most 

 likely provided food for the mammals in the spring when little else was available, but 

 other more succulent vegetation that appeared later probably became their main food 

 source. 



Figure 4. — Seedling 

 mortalities as per- 

 centages of germinantSj 

 with statistical com- 

 parison of treatments. 



TREATMENT 



Table 4. --Numbers and percentages of seedling mortality by category per treatment 



Treatment 



: Cutworms : 



Birds and 

 rodents 



Unknown 

 Cchlo- 

 rotic) 



Dis- : 

 appeared : 



Poor root 

 develop- 

 ment 



: Sun 

 : scald 





Misc. : 



Damping- 

 off 



: Totals 





No. 



% 



No. 



% 



No. 



% 



No 



% 



No. 







No. 







No. 



% 



No. 



% 



No. 



Opening-cleared 



2 



1.9 



3 



2.9 



30 



28.6 



2 



1.9 



49 



46. 



6 



12 



11 



4 



4 



3.8 



3 



2.9 



105 



Opening-litter 



76 



42.0 



32 



17.7 



44 



24.3 



18 



9.9 











7 



3 



9 



3 



1.7 



1 



0.6 



181 



Opening-natural 



55 



26.8 



92 



44.9 



30 



14.6 



19 



9.3 



2 



1. 







3 



1 



5 



4 



2.0 









205 



Fire 



54 



45.8 



17 



14.4 



23 



19.5 



4 



3.4 



3 



2. 



S 



7 



5 



9 



9 



7.6 



1 



0.9 



118 



Canopy 



6 



15.8 



13 



34.2 



14 



36.8 



1 



2.6 



















1 



2.6 



3 



7.9 



38 



Stemf low 



46 



18.3 



136 



54.2 



49 



19.5 



5 



2.0 



5 



2. 







5 



2 







4 



1.6 



1 



0.4 



251 



Natural 



5 



9.6 



2 



3.8 



12 



23.1 



26 



50.0 



1 



1. 



9 

















6 



11.5 



52 



Litter 



169 



61 .5 



9 



3.3 



43 



15.6 



42 



15.3 



4 



1. 



5 



5 



1 



8 



2 



0.7 



1 



0.4 



275 



Near 



16 



16.3 



42 



42.9 



11 



U.2 



4 



4.1 



3 



3. 



1 



13 



13 



3 



4 



4.1 



5 



5.1 



98 



Totals and 

 percentages 



429 



32.4 



345 



26.1 



256 



19.3 



122 



9.2 



67 



5. 



1 



52 



3 



9 



32 



2.4 



21 



1.6 



1 ,323 



13 



