REFERENCES 



Bayfield, Neil G. Recovery of four montane heath com- 

 munities on Cairngorm, Scotland, from disturbance by 

 trampling. Biological Conservation. 15: 165-197; 1979. 



Bell, Katherine L.; Bliss, Lawrence C. Alpine disturbance 

 studies: Olympic National Park, U.S.A. Biological Con- 

 servation. 5: 25-32; 1973. 



Bowles, Jane M.; Maun, M. Anwar. A study of the effects 

 of trampling on the vegetation of Lake Huron sand 

 dunes at Pinery Provincial Park. Biological Conserva- 

 tion. 24: 273-283; 1982. 



Bray, J. R.; Curtis, J. T. An ordination of the upland 

 forest communities of southern Wisconsin. Ecological 

 Monographs. 27: 325-349; 1957. 



Campbell, Shannon E.; Scotter, George W. Subalpine 

 revegetation and disturbance studies. Mount Revel- 

 stoke National Park. Edmonton, AB: Canadian Wild- 

 life Service; 1975. 99 p. 



Cole, David N. Reducing the impact of hikers on vegeta- 

 tion: an application of analytical research methods. In: 

 Ittner, R., and others, eds. Conference proceedings- 

 recreational impact on wildlands. R-6-001-1979. [Port- 

 land, OR]: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest 

 Service, Pacific Northwest Region; 1979: 71-78. 



Cole, David N. Wilderness campsite impacts: effect of 

 amount of use. Research Paper INT-284. Ogden, UT: 

 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Inter- 

 mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station; 

 1982a. 34 p. 



Cole, David N. Vegetation of two drainages in Eagle Cap 

 Wilderness, Wallowa Mountains, Oregon. Research 

 Paper INT-288. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of 

 Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and 

 Range Experiment Station; 1982b. 42 p. 



Cole, David N. ControlUng the spread of campsites at 

 popular wilderness destinations. Journal of Soil and 

 Water Conservation. 37: 291-295; 1982c. 



Cole, David N. Campsite conditions in the Bob Marshall 

 Wilderness, Montana. Research Paper INT-312. Ogden, 

 UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

 Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station; 

 1983. 18 p. 



Cole, David N.; Fichtler, Richard K. Campsite impact on 

 three western wilderness areas. Environmental 

 Management. 7: 275-288; 1983. 



Cole, David N.; Schreiner, Edward G. S. Impacts of 

 backcountry recreation: site management and reha- 

 bilitation—an annotated bibhography. General Techni- 

 cal Report INT-121. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of 

 Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and 

 Range Experiment Station; 1981. 58 p. 



Dale, D.; Weaver, T. Trampling effects on vegetation of 

 the trail corridors of north Rocky Mountain forests. 

 Journal of Applied Ecology. 11: 767-772; 1974. 



Douglas, George W.; Nagy, John A. S.; Scotter, George 

 W. Effects of human and horse trampling on natural 

 vegetation, Waterton Lakes National Park. Edmonton, 

 AB: Canadian Wildlife Service; 1975. 129 p. 



Edmond, D. B. The influence of animal treading on pas- 

 ture growth. Proceedings of the International Grass- 

 land Congress. 10: 453-458: 1966. 



Harrison, Carolyn. Recovery of lowland grassland and 

 heathland in southern England from disturbance by 

 seasonal trampling. Biological Conservation. 19: 119- 

 130; 1981. 



Hartley, Ernest Albert. Man's effects on the stabiHty of 

 alpine and subalpine vegetation in Glacier National 

 Park, Montana. Durham, NC: Duke University; 1976. 

 258 p. Ph.D. dissertation. 



Heberlein, Thomas A.; Dunwiddie, Peter. Systematic 

 observation of use levels, campsite selection, and visi- 

 tor characteristics at a high mountain lake. Journal of 

 Leisure Research. 11: 307-316; 1979. 



Hollander, Myles; Wolfe, Douglas A. Nonparametric 

 statistical methods. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 

 1973. 503 p. 



Holmes, Daniel O.; Dobson, Heidi E. M. Ecological 

 carrying capacity research: Yosemite National Park. 

 Part I. The effects of human trampling and urine on 

 subalpine vegetation, a survey of past and present 

 backcountry use and the ecological carrying capacity 

 of wilderness. PB-270-955. Springfield, VA: U.S. 

 Department of Commerce, National Technical Informa- 

 tion Service; 1976. 247 p. 



Hylgaard, T.; Liddle, M. J. The effect of human tramp- 

 ling on a sand dune ecosystem dominated by Empetrum 

 nigrum. Journal of Applied Ecology. 18: 559-569; 1981. 



Jones, David Henry. The effect of pedestrian impact on 

 selected soils. Glasgow, Scotland: University of 

 Glasgow; 1978. 154 p. M.S. thesis. 



Kellomaki, Seppo; Saastamoinen, Varpu-Leena. Tramp- 

 ling tolerance of forest vegetation. Acta Forestalia 

 Fennica. 147: 5-19; 1975. 



Kuss, Fred R. Hiking boot impacts on woodland trails. 

 Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 38: 119-121; 

 1983. 



Landals, Maureen; Scotter, George W. Visitor impact on 

 meadows near Lake O'Hara, Yoho National Park. 

 Edmonton, AB: Canadian WildUfe Service; 1973. 184 p. 



Landals, Maureen; Scotter, George W. An ecological 

 assessment of the Summit Area, Mount Revelstoke 

 National Park. Edmonton, AB: Canadian WildUfe Serv- 

 ice; 1974. 197 p. 



Leney, Fiona M. The ecological effects of pubhc pressure 

 on picnic sites. Journal of the Sports Turf Research 

 Institute. 50: 47-51; 1974. 



Leonard, R. E.; Echelberger, H. E.; Schnitzer, M. Use 

 characteristics of the Great Gulf Wilderness. Research 

 Paper NE-428. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of 

 Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest 

 Experiment Station; 1978. 9 p. 



Liddle, M. J. A theoretical relationship between the pri- 

 mary productivity of vegetation and its ability to 

 tolerate trampling. Biological Conservation. 8: 251-255; 

 1975a. 



Liddle, M. J. A selective review of the ecological effects 

 of human trampling on natural ecosystems. Biological 

 Conservation. 7: 17-36; 1975b. 



Lucas, Robert C. Use patterns and visitor characteris- 

 tics: attitudes and preferences in nine wilderness and 

 other roadless areas. Research Paper INT-253. Ogden, 

 UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

 Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station; 

 1980. 89 p. 



34 



