From each sample point, 72.6-ft (22.1-m) lines were 

 measured in each cardinal direction. Ten milacre 

 (0.0004-ha) quadrats were established along each line to 

 record tree seedling, sapling, and pole frequency and 

 density by either height class (seedlings) or diameter 

 class (saplings and poles). The center of a variable-radius 

 plot was located at the midpoint of each line. Diameter 

 (breast height), height, and other data were measured for 

 each sample tree selected by use of an angle gauge. 



Understory Vegetation 



Sampling procedures followed Daubenmire and 

 Daubenmire (1968). A 49- by 82-ft (15- by 25-m) 

 macroplot was located at each of four sampling sites 

 within each cutting unit. Two 82-ft (25-m) transects were 

 placed perpendicular to the short axis of the macroplot. 

 Forb and graminoid frequency and canopy coverage data 

 (Daubenmire 1959) were collected from 7.87- by 

 19.68-inch (20- by 50-cm) microplots (50 plots) placed at 

 3.28-ft (1-m) intervals along the transects. Canopy 

 coverage for each species was recorded as the midpoint 

 of one of seven coverage classes (0-0.5, 0.5-5, 5-25, 25-50, 

 50-75, 75-95, and 95-100 percent). 



Fifty three-dimensional plots (3.28 by 3.28 by 9.84 ft; 

 1 by 1 by 3 m) placed contiguous to the microplots were 

 used to estimate shrub canopy coverage and shrub 

 canopy volume (Zamora 1981). Shrub canopy volume for 

 each species was recorded as the midpoint of one of 

 eight volume classes (0-1, 1-5, 5-10, 10-25, 25-50, 50-75, 

 75-95, and 95-100 percent). Shrub canopy coverage 

 classes were the same as those used for forbs and 

 graminoids. 



Breeding Birds 



The 20-acre (8-ha) plots were censused for breeding 

 birds using the Williams spot-map method (International 



Bird Census Committee 1970). Methodological 

 difficulties and other special problems of the mapping 

 method are summarized by Oelke (1981). Plots varied in 

 shape from square to rectangular depending on terrain 

 and cutting unit boundaries. Plots were surveyed and 

 gridded in a Cartesian coordinate system with points 

 flagged and numbered with stakes at 164-ft (50-m) 

 intervals. At least 10 census visits were made annually 

 to each plot from mid-May to late July from 1976 

 through 1979. Most of the work was done from sunrise 

 to late morning when birds were most active. To ensure 

 complete coverage, the plot was censused by walking 

 within 82 ft (25 m) of all points on the grid. Observations 

 extended well beyond plot boundaries. 



At the end of the sampling period, concentrated 

 groups of observations were circled as indicating areas 

 of activity or approximate territories. Fractional parts of 

 boundary territories were recognized. Results were 

 converted to the number of pairs of breeding birds per 

 100 acres (40.5 ha). 



Estimates of bird species diversity and the evenness 

 component followed Hill (1973). Diversity was estimated 

 as 



N 2 = 1/Epi 2 



where pj is the proportion of the collection belonging to 

 the ith species in the sample. Species richness (Nq) was 

 expressed as the total number of territorial species 

 observed on a plot. Evenness was calculated using the 

 ratio 



E = N 2 /N x 

 where 



N± = exp ( — Epj In pj). 



Table 1.— Features of the vegetation on bird study plots before and after logging, 1976 -78 1 



Feature 



Plot 1 



Plot 2 



Prelogging Postlogging Prelogging Postlogging 



Basal area (ft 2 /acre) 



Stand volume, live tree (ft 3 /acre) 



Stand volume, dead tree (ft 3 /acre) 



Tree density (no. /acre) 2 



Pole density (no. /acre) 3 



Canopy coverage (percent) 



Shrubs 



Forbs 



Graminoids 

 Annuals 

 Shrub canopy volume (ft 3 ) 4 



90 

 3,013 

 61 



29.3 

 96 



46.0 

 26.2 

 14.9 

 .02 

 3.32 



22 

 43 

 



1.9 

 71 



24.7 

 22.4 

 18.0 

 4.76 

 4.62 



117 

 3,407 

 192 

 37.5 

 101 



56.5 

 23.9 

 18.6 

 



13.81 



24 

 232 

 8 



9.8 

 84 



32.0 

 21.3 

 25.9 

 3.50 

 7.64 



1 Prelogging sampling was done in 1976; postlogging tree sampling was done in 1977; postlogging understory 

 sampling was done in 1978. Data from Geier-Hayes and Ryker (1983). 

 2 Trees > 10 inches (25 cm) d.b.h. 

 3 Trees < 10 inches (25 cm) d.b.h. 



4 Based on plot size of 3.28 by 3.28 by 9.84 ft (1 by 1 by 3 m). 



3 



