Bird species richness was consistently higher on 

 logged plots than on unlogged plots and trended upward 

 each year after logging. Ten breeding bird species were 

 territorial only in the logged forest: 



yellow-bellied sapsucker 

 black-backed woodpecker 

 olive-sided flycatcher 

 rock wren 

 house wren 

 winter wren 

 western bluebird 

 mountain bluebird 

 warbling vireo 

 black-headed grosbeak 



All but the winter wren are characteristic of ecotonal 

 habitats. Of those species that were territorial in the 

 unlogged forest, only the golden-crowned kinglet was not 

 found as a breeding bird on logged plots. There were no 

 clear patterns in bird species diversity values either 

 between years or between logged and unlogged plots. 

 The evenness (equitability) component of bird species 

 diversity tended to decline each year in postlogging 

 environments. 



Categorizing birds according to foraging or nesting 

 behavior, or by the substrate in which foraging or nest- 

 ing occurs, suggests how entire groups of species (guilds) 

 may respond to habitat alterations. Among five recog- 

 nized foraging guilds, two— the foliage foragers and the 

 timber gleaners— were less numerous on logged plots. 

 The timber gleaners, proportionately the most severely 

 affected guild, dropped to about one-third prelogging 

 densities in the third year following logging. Low timber- 

 gleaning guild densities on logged plots were probably 

 caused by the removal of larger trees. Other guilds— the 

 ground foragers and the flycatchers— were more numer- 

 ous on logged plots. Of nine species represented in the 

 ground-foraging guild, each was proportionately more 

 abundant in the logged forest than in the unlogged for- 

 est. The most abundant species among the ground 

 foragers (chipping sparrow, dark-eyed junco, Cassin's 

 finch) were granivores. Timber-drilling species, at least in 

 total, were a relatively stable component of the breeding 

 bird community on both logged and unlogged plots. 



Wiens (1978) noted that foliage-feeding forms numeri- 

 cally dominate the avifauna in North American conifer- 

 ous forests, with ground-feeding, timber-foraging, and 

 aerial feeders less important, in decreasing order. The 

 birds of the coniferous forest we studied in west-central 

 Idaho appear to generally fit this pattern. 



Birds that nest in bushes and small trees, represented 

 by seven species, formed the most abundant nesting 

 guild in both the logged and unlogged forest. Bush and 

 small-tree nesters, and those species that nest on the 

 ground, had higher densities on logged plots. Ground- 

 nesting species, the most numerous of which was the 

 granivorous dark-eyed junco, showed the largest 

 increases in density. The secondary cavity-nesting guild, 

 made up mostly of the mountain chickadee, red-breasted 

 nuthatch, and brown creeper, decreased on logged plots. 

 Secondary cavity nesters may have declined partly 



because of the lack of snag trees remaining after log- 

 ging. Three secondary cavity-nesting species— the house 

 wren, western bluebird, and mountain bluebird— were 

 found as breeding birds only on logged plots. Total den- 

 sity of the primary cavity-nesting guild changed little in 

 the logged forest. 



REFERENCES 



Anderson, Stanley H.; Shugart, Herman H., Jr. Habitat 

 selection of breeding birds in an east Tennessee 

 deciduous forest. Ecology. 55(4): 828-837; 1974. 



Behle, William H. Birds of Pine Valley Mountain 

 Region, southwestern Utah. Bulletin of the University 

 of Utah, Biological Series. 7(5): 1-85; 1943. 



Blake, John G. Influence of fire and logging on non- 

 breeding bird communities of ponderosa pine forests. 

 Journal of Wildlife Management. 46(2): 404-415; 1982. 



Conner, Richard N.; Adkisson, Curtis S. Effects of clear- 

 cutting on the diversity of breeding birds. Journal of 

 Forestry. 73(12): 781-785; 1975. 



Conner, Richard N.; Dickson, James G.; Locke, Brian A.; 

 Segelquist, Charles A. Vegetation characteristics 

 important to common songbirds in east Texas. Wilson 

 Bulletin. 95(3): 349-361; 1983. 



Daubenmire, R. A canopy-coverage method of vegeta- 

 tional analysis. Northwest Science. 33(1): 43-64; 1959. 



Daubenmire, R.; Daubenmire, Jean B. Forest vegetation 

 of eastern Washington and northern Idaho. Technical 

 Bulletin 60. Pullman, WA: Washington State 

 University, Agricultural Experiment Station; 1968. 

 104 p. 



DeByle, Norbert V. Songbird populations and clearcut 

 harvesting of aspen in northern Utah. Research Note 

 INT-302. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

 Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range 

 Experiment Station; 1981. 7 p. 



Diem, Kenneth L.; Zeveloff, Samuel I. Ponderosa pine 

 bird communities. In: DeGraff, Richard M., tech. 

 coord. Proceedings of the workshop on management of 

 western forests and grasslands for nongame birds; 

 1980 February 11-14; Salt Lake City. General 

 Technical Report INT-86. Ogden, UT: U.S. 

 Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermoun- 

 tain Forest and Range Experiment Station; 1980: 

 170-197. 



Ford-Robertson, F. C, ed. Terminology of forest science, 

 technology practice and products. Washington, DC: 

 Society of American Foresters; 1971. 349 p. 



Franzreb, Kathleen E.; Ohmart, Robert D. The effects of 

 timber harvesting on breeding birds in a mixed- 

 coniferous forest. Condor. 80(4): 431-441; 1978. 



Geier-Hayes, Kathleen; Ryker, Russell A. Vegetation 

 response to helicopter logging, Silver Creek watershed, 

 Idaho: progress report. 1983. Unpublished paper on file 

 at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

 Intermountain Research Station, Forestry Sciences 

 Laboratory, Boise, ID. 



Hagar, Donald C. The interrelationships of logging, 

 birds, and timber regeneration in the Douglas-fir 

 region of northwestern California. Ecology. 41(1): 

 116-125; 1960. 



11 



