9G 



80. RHAMNE^. 



Wild in some parts of the Siwalik forests, east of the Ganges, 

 Southern India and probably in N. Kanara below tbe Ghats in some 

 of the drier forests. I have found trees growing in jungles near 

 Santgal far away from present habitations ; they may however only be 

 escapes. Throughout the Bombay Presidency and Sind, usually planted, 

 thrives in dry situations. Fl. March-June. Fr. ripe Nov.- Jan. Bark 

 thick, daik grey, nearly black, with long deep irregular fuiTows. Wood 

 hard, reddish. Sapwood \ of the radius, of a lighter colour. Pores small 

 or moderate sized, scanty, often oval and sub-divided. Med. rays fine, 

 numerous, equidistant. Pores frequently joined by wavy, interrupted, 

 concentric lines. Weighs about 48 lbs. to the cub. ft. Used for agri- 

 cultural implements, oil mills, &c. Fruit edible. Bark contains tannin. 

 Leaves used as fodder. 



2. Z. nummularia, W. & A. Prod.162; Fl. Br. 1. 1. 633;Brandis 

 For. Fl. 88 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. 69 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 49. Gangr, 

 jang't'dt Sind. 



N. W. India, Guzerat, W. Peninsula, Deccan, Konkan, Sind, throughout 

 the Bombay Presidency and Sind- in the driest situations ; absent from 

 the moist zone near the coast. Fl. March- June, Fr. Nov. -Jan. Used 

 for dry fences round fields and gardens. The fruit is edible and some- 

 times during times of famine furnishes food for starving people. 



3. Z. CEnoplia, Mill. Gard. Diet. No. 3 ; Fl. Br. I. 1. 634 ; Dalz. & 

 Gibs. Bomb. Fl. ; Brandis For. Fl. 86; Bedd. Fl. 49 ; Sylv. 69. Makai, 

 H. ; Purgi, K. ; Kaner halU, M. 



Throughout the hotter parts of India from the Himalayas to Ceylon ; 

 throughout the moist forests of the Deccan, Konkan and N. Kanara, 

 where it is particularly abundant in tbe deciduous forests of the Yellapore 

 sub-division. Fl. Sept.-Oct. Fr. Feb.-lMarch. A large and extensive 

 climber. Stem 4 — 8 in. in diameter. Bark rough, dark grey ; rhytidome 

 in thick irregular, small plates, often in distinct prominent patches close 

 to the rings of pyramidal prickles. These prickles are made up of brown 

 plates of hard tissue and crowned with the original hooked point. Inner 

 bark red, fibrous, '25 in. thick. Wood reddish, smooth, close-grained, 

 moderately hard. Pores numerous, small or moderate sized, single or in 

 short radial lines of 3 — 5. Medullary rays very fine and numerous. 

 Annual rings distinct. Weighs 43 lbs. to the cub. ft. Boots mixed with 

 lemon juice are used in native medicine (for black-tongued remittent 

 fevers). Fruit edible. The branches are in common use for temporary 

 fences. 



4. Z. xylopyra, Willd. Sp. PI. 1104 ; Fl. Br. I. 1. 634 ; Dalz. & Gibs' 

 Bomb. Fl. 49 ; Brandis For. Fl. 90; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. 68. MuUu kare' 

 gorwi, gorchi, godachi, K. ; Bori, glidt, lianta gotti, M. ; GuHy Yern. 



N. W. India, Central Provinces, Behar and Gudh, W. Peninsula from 

 the Konkan southwards; common in the moist forests of North Kanara and 

 Konkan. A straggling shrub throughout the drier parts of the presidency. 

 Fl. May. Fr. ripe end of rainy season. In N. Kanara usually a small 

 tree, 20 — 30 ft. high. Bark grey or brownish. Wood yellowish-brown, 



