Book I. 



LINN/EAN IICRTUS BUITANNICUS. 



133 



2. Attgicsyiermiu. Seeds in a capsule, and generally vevy nume- 

 rous. The plants of this order have ihe Rroatest ))osoible 

 affinity with some families in Pentamlriii Monof^ijiiia. Some 

 species even vary from one class to the other, as Digtionia 

 radicans, and Antirrliinum lAmiria, in which the irregular 

 corolla becomes regular, and the four unequal stamens are 

 changed to five equal ones ; nor does this depend, as has been 

 asserted, on the action of any extraneous pollen upon the 

 stigmas of the parent plant, neither are the seeds always 

 abortive. No method of arrangement, natural or artificial, 

 could provide against sruch anomalies as these, and therefore 

 imperfections must be expected in every system — It con- 

 tains of Verbenacea', Hebenstretia, Clerodendnim, Volka- 

 meria, Holmskioldia, Vitex, Cornutia, Hosta, Gmelina, 

 Petrsea, Citharexylum, Duranta, Lantana, Spielmannia, 

 Zapania, Priva, Aloysia, *Verbena ; of Myoporincc, Myopo- 

 rum, Stenochilus, Bontia, Avicennia ; of Pedaliiice, Peda- 

 lium ; of Digiumiacew, Bignonia, Sesamum, Tourrettia, Mar- 

 tinia ; of Gesiierece, Gloxinia, Gesneria ; of Orobanchecc, *La' 

 thraea, *Orobanche ; of Acaidhacecc, Acanthus, Thunbergia, 

 Barleria, Kuellia, Blechum, Aphelandra, Crossandra ; of 

 Scrophularinw , Limosella, Browallia, Stemodia, Mazus, Lin- 

 dernia, Herpestis, Capraria, Teedia, Besleria, Trevirana, 

 Columnea, Husselia, Dodartia, Halleria, Mimulus, Home- 

 mannia, *Digitalis, *Scrophularia, Penstemon, Chelone, 

 Celsia, Alonsoa, Maurandia, Cymbaria, Nemesia, Anarrhi- 

 num. *Antirrhinum, *Linaria ; of Pedicularecc, *Gerardia, 

 *Pe<iicularis, Melampyrum, *llhinanthus, Bartsia, Cas- 

 tilleja, *Euphrasia, Buchnera, Manulea, Erinus, *Sibthorpi ; 

 of Sulanece ? Bninfelsia, Crescentia, Anthocercis ; of Capri- 

 fnlue, *LinnaEa; of Riiiacew, Melianthiis. 81 Gen. 346 Sp. 



Class XV. Tdmdijnamia. Stamens 4 long and 2 short. 

 Orders 2, perfectly natural. Flowers cruciform 



1. Siliculosa. Fruit a roundish pod, or pouch. In some 

 genera it is entire, as Draba ; in others notched, as Thlaspi, 



and Iberis It contains of CrutiferiE, *Cakile, *Crambe, 



*Myagrum, Euclidium, Rapistrum, Bunias, *Coronopus, 

 Biscutella, I'eltaria, Clypeola, *Isatis, Succowia, Vella,- 

 Anastatica, ^Ethionema,. *Thlaspi, . *Hutchinsia, *Tees- 

 dalia, *Iberis, *Lepidium,*Cochlearia, *Subularia, *Draba, 

 Petrocallis, Camelina, *Alyssum, Farsetia, Vesicaria, Lu- 

 naria, Ricotia. 30 Gen. 120 Sp. 



2. SUiquosa. Fruit a very long pod. Rome genera have a 

 calyx clausus, its leaves slightly cohering by their sides, as 

 Raphanus, and Cheirantltus. Others have a spreading or 

 gaping calyx, as Car'damine, and Sisymbrium.. 



Cfcome is a very irregular genus, alhed in habit, and even 

 in the number of stamens of several species, to the Polyan- 

 dria Monogynia. Its fruit, moreover, is a capsule of one 

 cell, not die real two-celled pod of this order. Most of its 

 species are foetid and very poisonous, whereas scarcely any 

 plants properly belonging to this class are remarkably noxious, 

 sir J. E. Smith has great doubts concerning the disease 

 called Raphania, attributed by Linnaeus to the seeds of Ra- 

 phanus Raplianistrum. 



The cruciform pUmts are vulgarly called antiscorbutic, and 

 supposed to be of an alkalescent nature. Their essential oil, 

 ■which is generally obtainable in very small quantities by dis- 

 tillation, smells like volatile alkali, and is of a very acrid 

 quality. Hence the foetid scent of water in which cabbages, 

 or other plants of this tribe, have been boiled. 



It contains of Cruciferce, Heliophila, *Cardamine, *Ara- 

 bis, Macropodium, *Turritis, *Barbarea, *Nasturtium, 

 *Sisymbrium, ^Erysimum, Notoceras, *Cheiranthus, *Ma- 

 thiola, Malcomia, *Hesperis, Erucaria, *Brassica, *Sinapis, 

 *Raphanus, Chorispermura ; of Capparidece, Cleome. 20 Gen. 

 164 Sp. 



Class XVI. Monadelphia. Stamens united by their filaments 

 into one tube. Orders 8, distinguished by the number of 

 their stamens. 



1. Triandriu. Tliis order contains the singular Cape plant 

 Aphyteia, consisting of a large flower and succulent fruit, 

 springing immediately from the root, without stem or leaves. 

 — It contains of Leguminosai, Tamarindus ; of Iridece, Pa- 

 tersonia, Ferraria, Tigridia, Galaxia. 5 Gen. 11 Sp. 



2. Pcntandria. Containing of Tiliaceas, Waltheria, Her- 

 mannia ; of Malvacew, Melochia, Melhania, Ochroma ; of 

 Passijloreie, Passiflora ; of Oeraniacea;, *Erodium. 7 Gen. 

 92 Sp. 



3. Heplandria. Contains of Oeraniacae, Pelargonium. 1 Gen. 

 175 Sp. 



4. Octarulria. Contains of Melia, Aitonia. 1 Gen. 1 Sp. 



5. Decandria. Contains of Geraniacew, *Geranium ; of Legumi- 

 nasce, Brownea. 2 Gen. 41 Sp. 



6. Dodecandria. Contains of Geraniacew, Monsonia ; of Malvacete, 

 Helicteres, Dombeya, Pentapetes, Pterospermum. 5 Gen. 

 13 Sp. 



7. Polyandria, a very numerous and magnificent order, com- 

 prising, of Malvacew, Carolinea, Adansonia, Bombax, La- 

 gimea, Njipfea, Sida, Cristaria^ Palavia, Malachra, *A1- 

 thaea, * Malva, * Lavatera, Ruizia, Malope, Kitaibelia, 

 Urena, Gossypium, Hibiscus, Pavonia, Achania, Myrodia, 

 Gordonia ; of^ riViacCfB, Stuartia; of Aurantiie, Camellia; of 

 Myrtaceai, Barringtonia, Gustavia ; of . . . . . .Careya. 27 Gen. 



2it)Sp. 



Class XVII. Dimlelphia. Stamens united by their filaments 

 into two parcels, both sometimes cohering at the base. 

 Orders 4, distinguished by the number of their stamens. 

 Flowers almost universally papilionaceous. 



1. Pentandria. Containing of Scrophularince, Monnieria ; of 

 Leguminosw, Petalostemum. 2 Gen. 5 Sp. 



2. Hexandria. Containing of Papaveracca, Corydalis, Cysti- 

 capnos, *Fumaria. 3 Gen. 19 Sp. 



3. Octavdria. Containing of Po/!t/g-ate, *Polygala, Securidaca. 

 2 Gen.2 9 Sp. 



4. Decandria is by far the most numerous, as well as natural 

 order of this class, consequently the genera are difficult to 

 characterise. 



The genera are arranged in sections, variously charac- 

 terised. 



(«■) Stamens all united, that is, all in one set ; as Spartium. 

 (/j) Stigma downy, without the character of the preceding 

 section ; as I'isum. 

 U) Legume imperj'edly divided into two cells, always, as in all 



the following, without the characttr of th» preceding sec- 

 tions ; as Astrajfulus. 



(d) Legume rvttk scarcely more than one seed ; as Psoralen. 



(e) Legume cmnposed of single-valued joints, which are rarely 

 solitary ; as Hedysarum. 



(f) Legume of one cell, with several seeds ; as Melilolus. 

 Leguminous plants are rarely noxious to the larger Irir.es 



of animals, though some species of Galega intoxicate fish. 

 The seeds of Cytisus Laburnum have of late bei;n found 

 violently emetic, and those of Lalhyrus sativiis have been 

 supposed at Florence to soften the bones, and cause death j 

 we know of no other similar instances in this class, whicOi is 

 one of the most abundant in valuable esculent plants. The 

 negroes have a notion that the beautiful little scarlet and 

 black seeds of Abrus precatorius, so frequently used for neck- 

 laces, are extremely poisonous, insomuch that half of one is 

 sufficient to kill a, man. This is totally incredible. Linnaeus 

 however asserts. Sir J. E. Smith thinks, rather too abso- 

 lutely, that " among all the leguminous or papilionaceous 

 tribe, there is no deleterious plant to be found." 



It contains of Leguminosa, Nissolia, Dalbergia, Pongamia, 

 Pterocarpus, Amerimnum, Dipterix, Abrus, Erythrina, 

 Butea, Piscidia, -Borbonia, *Spartiuni, *Genista, Lebeclda, 

 Rafnia, Aspalathus, Sarcophyllum, Stauracanthus, *Ulex, 

 Amoi-pha, Platylobium, Bossiaea, Scottia, Templetonia, 

 Goodia, Loddigesia, Wiborgia, Crotalaria, Hovea, «Ononis, 

 *Anthyllis, Arachis, Lupinus, Carpopogcn, Phaseolus, L'o- 

 lichos, Stizolobium, Glycine, Apios, Kennedia, Cylista, Cli- 

 toria, Galactia, *Pisum, Ochrus, *Oifobus, Lathyriis, *\'icia, 

 *Ervum, *Cicer, Liparia, Cytisus, MuUera, Geoli'roya, Ro- 

 binia, Colutea, Swainsona, Sutheilandia, Lessertia, Gly- 

 cyrrhiza, Sesbana, CoroniUa, *Ornithopus, *Hi])pocrepis, 

 Scorpiurus, Smithia, TEschynomene, Hallia, Lespedeza, 

 *Heaysarum, Zornia, Fleniingia, Indigofera, Tephrosia, 

 (lalega, Phaca, Oxytropis, *Asti-agalus, Biserula, Dalea, 

 Psoralea, Melilotus, Lupinaster, *Trifolium, *Lotus, Bo- 

 rycnium, Trigonella, *Medicago. 88 Gen. 800 Sp. 



Class XVIII. Polyadelphia. Stamens united by their fila- 

 ments into more than two parcels. Orders 3, distinguished 

 by the number or insertion of their stamens, which last 

 particular Linnteus here overlooked. 



\. Decandria. Ten stamens. Contains of Jl/c/hiacca;, the Theo- 

 broma, or Chocolate-nut-tree. 1 Gen. 2 Sp. 



2. Dodecandria. - Stamens, or rather anthers, from twelve to 

 twenty, or twenty five, their filaments unconnected with the 

 calyx. — It contains of Malvacew, Bubroma, Abroma. 2 Gen. 

 3 Sp. 



3. Icosandriu. Stamens numerous, their filaments inserted 

 (in several parcels) into the calyx — It contains of Myrtacew, 

 Melaleuca, Tristania, Calothamnus, Beaufortia. 4 Gen.' 

 32 Sp. 



4. Polyandria. Stamens vei-y numerous, unconnected with tlie 

 calyx — It contains of Ebenacew, Hopea ; of Aiirantew, Ci - 

 trus ; of Guttiferw, Xanthochymus ; of Hypericinw, *Ky • 

 pericum, Ascyrum. 6 Gen. 65 Sp. 



Class XIX. Stjngenesia. Anthers united into a tube. Flowers 

 compound. Orders 5. 

 This being truly a natural class, its orders are most of them 

 equally so, though some are liable to exceptions. 



1. Polygamia wgualis. In this each floret, taken separately, is 

 perfect or united, being furnished with its own perfect stamens 

 and pistil, and capable of bringing its seed to maturity with- 

 out the assistance of any other floret. The order consists of 

 three sections. 



(a) Florets all ligulate, or strap shaped, called by Toumefort 

 scmtflosculous. These flowers are generally yellow, sometimes 

 blue, very rarely reddish. They expand in a morning, and 

 close towards noon or in cloudy weather. Their herbage is 

 commonly milky and bitter; as in Leontodon, Tragopogon, . 

 Hieradum, and Cicliorium. 



(b) Flowers globose, generally uniform and regular, their 

 florets all itibular, Jive-cleft, and spreading; as Carduus. 



(t) Florvers discoid, their florets all tubular, regular, crowded,, 

 and parallel, forming a surface nearly flat, or exactly conical. 

 Their color is most generally yellow, in some cases pink. 

 Santolina and Bidens are examples of this section. 



It contains of Cichoracew, Geropogon, * Tragopogon, Troxi- 

 mon, Amopogon, Scorzonera, Picridium, * Sonchus, * Lac- 

 tuca, Chondrilla, *Prenanthes, * Leontodon, * Apargia, 

 * Thrincia, * Picris, * Hieracium, * Crepis, * Helminthia, 

 Tolpis, Andryala, Rothia, Krigia, Hyoseris, Hedypnois, 

 Seriola, * Hipochteris, * Lapsana, Zacintha, Rhagadiolus, 

 Catananche, * Cichorium, Scolymus ; of Cynarocephalas 

 *Arctium, *Serratula, *Carduus, *Cnicus, "^Onopordum, 

 Berardia, Cynara, Carlina, Atractylis, Acama, Stokesia 

 Stobaea, Carthamus, Staehelina, Pteronia ; of Corymbiferw 

 Venionia, Liatris, Mikania, *Eupatorium, Ageratum, Stevia, 

 Cephalophora, Hymenopappus^ Melananthera, Marshallia, 

 Spilanthes, *Bidens, Lagasca,. Lavenia, Cacalia, Kleinia, 

 Ethulia, Piqueria, *Chrysocoma, Tarchonanthus, Calea, 

 Humea, Bassinia, Caesulia, Ixodia, *Santolina, Anthanasia, 

 Balsamita, Pentzia. 74 Gen. 274 Sp. 



2. Polygamia superjlua. Florets of the disk perfect or united ; 

 those of the margin furnished with pistils only ; but all pro- 

 ducing perfect seed. 



(a) Discoid, the florets of the margin being obsolete or in- 

 conspicuous, from the smallness or pecuhar form of the 

 corolla ; as Artemisia. 



(b) Ligulate, two-lipped, of which Perdicium, a rare exotic 

 genus, is the only instance. 



(c) Radiant, the marginal florets ligulate, forming spreading, 

 conspicuous rays ; as in Bellis. This seems an approach of 

 the third section of the former order towards what is equi- 

 valent to becoming double in other tribes. Accordingly, 

 the Anthemis nobihs, with Chrysanthemum, Leucanthemum, 

 and some others, occasionally have their whole disk changed 

 to ligulate florets, destitute of stamens, and consequently 

 abortive. Such are actually called double flowers in this 

 class, and very properly. Many exotic species so circum- 

 stanced are met with in gardens. A very few strange anoma- 

 lies occur in this section ; one, Sigesbecla'a, having but three 

 stiamens, instead of five, the otherwise universal number in 

 the class ; and Tussilago hybrida, as well as Parado.ra of Ret- 

 zius, having distinct anthers. Nature therefore, even in tliis 

 most natural class, is not quite without exceptions 



