354 SCIENCE OF GARDENING. Part II. 



proportion as the centre of gravity is moved from the centre of the gate towards the 

 heel : and this, as well as additional strength, may be obtained by increasing the dimen- 

 sions of the materials gradually from the head to the heel. — Some have proposed to 

 suspend gates by weights, in the manner of windows, instead of hanging them, but ex- 

 cepting in anomalous cases, this would be an unsightly and inconvenient practice. 

 (Farmer's Mag. 1819.) 



1798. The forces and directions of the strains on the hinges of gates has been practically 

 explained and matliematically demonstrated by Bailey (Agric. Rep. Northunib.) and 

 N. Parker. [Essay on Gates, 1816.) The turnpike-gate of the last author seems to be a 

 very near approach to perfection. 



1799. Substitutes for gates, such as the gate with falling bars (fgs. 324, 325.) ; the stile, 

 which is of various sorts ; turn-wicket ; horizontal grating ; and varioias other modes of 

 permitting man to pass a barrier and yet excluding cattle, belong rather to agriculture 

 than to gai-dening. 



1800. Gates, as decorations, may be classed according to the prevailing lines, and the 

 materials used. Horizontal, perpendicular, diagonal, and curved lines, comprehend all 

 gates, whether of iron or of timber, and each of tliese may be distinguished more or less 

 by ornamental parts, which may either be taken from any of the known styles of archi- 

 tecture, or from heraldry or fancy. 



1801. The jmblished designs for gates are numerous, especially those for iron gates; for 

 executing which, the improvements made in casting that metal in moulds afford great 

 facilities. By a judicious junction of cast and wrought iron, the ancient mode of en- 

 riching gates with flowers and other carved-like ornaments might be happily re-intro- 

 duced. 



1 802. Gates in garden-scenery, where architectural elegance is not required to sup- 

 port character, simple or rustic structures ( fig. 326. ), wickets, turn-stiles, and even move- 



326 



