14 



CASSELL'S POPULAE GARDENING. 



TDrancii of tlie ordinary character suddenly emerges 

 one more or less widely different, becomes much 

 more easy. 



In-arcliiiig consists simply in bringing two 

 stems of different plants into contact by their denuded 

 surfaces, and keeping them in contact till union takes 

 place. Figs. 55 and 56 will show at a glance how this is 

 effected, and how the 

 scion is ultimately 

 detached. Such 

 unions, either be- 

 tween branches of the 

 same or of different 

 trees, are not uncom- 

 monly met with in a 

 natural state. 



Layering is a 



form of progagation 

 often practised with 

 trees and shrubs, in 

 which a branch is 

 bent down to the 

 ground, and retained 

 there by a peg oi' 

 hook till roots are 

 emitted, when the 

 layer may be severed 

 between the newly- 

 formed roots and the 

 main stem, and the 

 new plant thus libe- 

 rated. The chapter 

 on the propagation 

 of the Rose shows 

 how this is accom- 

 plished, and Fig. 57 

 shows a modification 

 of the process when 

 it is desired to 

 " strike " the top of 

 a large tree, so as 

 to reduce the size 

 of the tree, and en- 

 able it to be grown 

 in a smaller house 

 than would other- 

 wise be possible. 



The layering of Carnations is effected by bending 

 down the shoot as in ordinary layering, and in addi- 

 tion, severing it longitudinally, so as to leave a tongue 

 in the form of the letter <. Roots are formed from 

 the lower limb of the section, and when produced the 

 rooted portion is severed from the plant as in ordi- 

 nary layering. 



THE HAEDY FRUIT GARDEN. 



Bi' D. T. Fish, assisted by William Cakmichael. 



Fig. 57.— Shows the method of 860111-111? the production of roots from 

 branches, so as to enable the cultivator to reduce the size of a plant. 



THE TRAINING OF APPLE-TREES INTO DIFFERENT 

 SHAPES AND SIZES. 



VARIETY of form is one of the chief charms of the 

 Apple in the mixed hardy fruit garden, as it is 

 of the landscape. No matter how pleasing or profit- 

 able any one form 

 may be, it is better 

 ahke for the eye and 

 the pocket to intro- 

 duce variety into our 

 fruit gardens. Not 

 only may more trees, 

 as a rule, be success- 

 fully grown in a 

 given space if they 

 vary widely in form, 

 but there is a far 

 better chance of some 

 escaping the sj^ring 

 frost that so often 

 wholly wrecks, or 

 I>artially destroys, 

 much of our hard}' 

 fruits. 



The relation of 

 height and form of 

 trees to climate has 

 only begun to excite 

 attention. When 

 more carefully and 

 generally noted, pro- 

 bably a body of 

 evidence may be col- 

 lected that will go a 

 con^siderable way to 

 make the form and 

 height of the tree 

 contribute to its 

 safety. That the 

 cold sweeps over the 

 earth in lines of dif- 

 fering heights from 

 the groimd in dif- 

 ferent localities is 

 pretty well known. 

 Hence it is no un- 

 common thing to find that at times the heads 

 of tall pyramids will be blighted while their bases 

 escape. At other times, and especially at other 

 places, the reverse order of destruction may be ob- 

 served. Ground cordons eighteen inches from the 

 ground will at times have their blossoms desti-oyed, 

 while oblique cordons running up, either single or 



