July, lais 



THK (lARDEN AND FIELD. 



Dairying. 



— Churnability of Cream. — 

 In an article, by ^le.ssrs. Cooper, 

 Xnttall, and F'l-eak, of the Cooper 

 Research Laboratory, dealing with 

 the fat globules of milk, a number 

 of investigations are described 

 which were undertaktMi with the 

 object of explaining the variations 

 in the behaviour of cream in churn- 

 ing. It ai)pears that the cream of 

 Various breeds — and even the cream 

 of individual cows — shows a per- 

 sistent dif?erence in behaviour as 

 regards the time required for 

 churning and the amount of fat 

 recovered in the form of butter. 

 It appears that cream in which the 

 average size of the globules is large 

 gives the best results for butter 

 making, whereas for cheese making 

 the smaller globules give better re- 

 sults, which confirms the experi- 

 ence of practical men. 



An Insect Injurious to 

 Stored Grain. 



The Grain Weevil (Calandra 

 granaria) . 



This is a small black or dark-brown 

 beetle, averaging rather more than 

 one-eighth of an inch in length. It 

 is provided with a long smooth cylin- 

 drical snout — that of the female being 

 the longest. It has no wings under 

 the wing-cases. 



The female bores a slight hole in 

 the grain with her snout, deposits her 

 eggs in the wheat or other grain (for 

 almost all kinds are attacked), the 

 tiny larva; are hatched, burrow into 

 and through the corn, inside which 

 they remain until full-grown, when 

 they eat their way out. The per- 

 fect beetles do even greater damage 



than tlie larxa-, loi- tliey, too, Iced on 

 grain. When the attack is severe, the 

 whole stock in a granary will some- 

 times be destroyed l)efore tlic damage 

 is observed, for the work is all car- 

 ried on inside the shell of the grain, 

 ami there is nothing to rouse the sus- 

 picion tif the passer-by. 



The lime occupied between the pair- 

 ing of the beetles and the hatching 

 of the eggs is about forty days. Dur- 

 ing warm weather this beetle breeds 

 most rapidly, and it has been calcu- 

 lated that during the summer one pair 

 will produce over six thousand 

 beetles. This is quite sufficient to 

 account for the devouring of huge 

 quantities of grain in a short time. 



Occasionally these insects do- con- 

 siderable damage, especially, if from 

 any circumstances, grain is held over 

 for any lengthened period. 



Luckily, a simple,, cheap, and effi- 

 cient remedy is available — bisulphide 

 of carbon. Where small lots of grain 

 or seed have been attacked, they 

 should be put in a tight box or tank. 

 Place a small quantity of the chemical 

 in a shallow vessel, or on a piece of 

 cotton wool on the top of the grain 

 and tightly close the tank. Bisulphide 

 of carbon evaporates rapidly on ex- 

 posure to the atmosphere, and as the 

 fumes are heavy, they quickly sink 

 through the grain, killing all the in- 

 sects present. 



If large quantities are to be treated 

 the granary should be made as air- 

 tight as possible, and the bisulphide 

 then spsinkled over the heaps, or 

 placed on top in shallow vessels. One 

 pound of the chemical is sufficient for 

 a ton of grain, unless the buildings 

 have many openings, in which case 

 a larger quantity will be needed. The 

 fumigation of such buildings is best 

 performed on Saturday, and the place 



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then secorely lacked for forty-eight 

 honr,?, after which the premises may 

 be ventilated. This should be repeal- 

 ed once every five weeks while the 

 grain is in store. It will then be 

 found perfectly sound, for no insect 

 life can withstand bisulphide. This 

 treatment does not in any way da- 

 mage the grain, either for seed or 

 milling purposes. All fumes disap- 

 pear on exposure to the air for a few 

 minutes. 



It must always be remembered that 

 no trace of fire, not even a cigar, is 

 to be allowed on the premises while 

 this chemical is being used; the fumes 

 are very explosive. This is the only 

 precaution necessary. 



