Koveraber, 1913 



found that h\ painting; the wood- 

 work with LMal-tar" the worst 

 wowl-<,niawin<.- horses wi)iil{l never 

 bite it afterward. The tar should 

 be put on while hot. An old broom 

 or whisk-hnish inav .swerve as a 

 paint brush. I havi- alsY> found a 

 way to eure a horso of bitinir his 

 halter-strap or rope, I>\ iKviHuij the 

 rope in water, in which a bar of 

 cheap washin>r soap lu's boon dis- 

 solved. This rcnii'dy, tried on se- 

 veral horses which I have owned, 

 nev'or failed. One horse, when I 

 first g:ot him, would bite a heavy 

 rope in two almcst as soon as 

 tied. A small soajied ro])e cured 

 him complett?ly. This was nearlv 

 ten years ai^o, and it ha.s not been 

 necessary to tie him with a chain 

 since." 



THE (lAFiDEN AND FIELD. 



267 



Milking Indications in the 

 Male. 



There are no physical character- 

 istics in the bull that may be 

 taken as infallible indications of his 

 ability to produce females of milk- 

 ing- merit. In the cow there are 

 some things that seem to indicate 

 merit, or lack of merit, as a milk- 

 producer. A large, well-balanced 

 udder, firmly attached and con- 

 necting with tba blood system by 

 well-developed m.ilk veins, indi- 

 cates, providing there is a well- 

 sprung barrel and ample digestive 

 system going with it, that the 

 cow will be of some value as a 

 milker. Sometimes thesia signs are 

 true indicators of milking merit, 

 sometimes thev are misleading. 

 But with the bull there is little 

 outward indication, even passably 

 reliable, to show what his value 

 is likely to be as a sure of milk- 

 producers. Constitution he should 

 have, but constitutional vigour and 

 high milking performance do not 

 always go together. Records of 

 his female ancestry is the surest 

 way to a possible accurate deter- 

 mination of his pos.sibilities as a 

 sire of milk-producers. But .this, 

 except in a small number of cases,' 

 is not obtainable. 



One of the first authorities on 

 dairy cattle breeding known to us 

 selects his bulls on basis of the 

 development of their rudimentary 

 milking organs. He pays atten- 

 tion to the records of their ances- 

 try, of course, of the cows on each 

 side as far back as can be traced, 

 but he takes the placing and de- 

 v'elopment of the rudimentary 

 teats as a fairly constant guide to 

 the animal's ability to sire milk- 

 ers. If the.se teats are small and 

 clustered closely together, the bull 



\Miuld not be used in the herd, uu- 

 Kss he came from a line of milk- 

 ing stock that was faiilv uniform 

 ill individual nierit. If "the teats 

 are widl placed, large, and with 

 some show of udder to back them 

 up, the bull is taken as an almost 

 .sure getter of a. desirable kind of 

 milking stock. .And invariablv, it 

 IS said, his offspring size up to the 

 .standard of production indicated 

 this characteristic of their sire. 

 The .sign is not infallible— no .'^igns 

 o{ milking ability we ever heard 

 ol were— but there is a great deal 

 of sound reason in the sign of the 

 rudimentary udder to back up the 

 iiulication. The matter, anyway, 

 is worth considering when one is 

 purchasing a dairy sire, especially 

 if the purchase is being made with 

 nothing to guide the buyer but 

 the appearance of the bull before 

 him and the word of the man do- 

 ing the selling.— The New Ziealand 

 Farmer Stock and Station Jour- 

 nal. 



Essentials in Dairyinf. 



Those who have the care of 

 horses shonld accustom them to 

 eat a va-riety of food which is not 

 always included in the usual bill! 

 of fare ; such, for nstande, as a 

 bran mash in which a drop of 

 linseed oil has been put, sweeten- 

 ed gruel made with oatmeal or 

 flour, and of course, linseed tea or 

 gruel, lit is rare that a horse re- 

 fuses to eat good linseed cake, 

 and there are tim'es of sickness 

 and ill-health when a little maybe 

 given with good results. A horse 

 which will eat and djrink such £ood 

 is much easier to nurse than one 

 which does not care for change of 

 diet that is calculated to do him 

 good, and therefore has to be 

 continually drenched, a process 

 which no horse likes. 



The lirst thing, of course, is to 

 have the right sort of cows to 

 produce the milk ; tht;. second is to 

 have the right .sort of appliances 

 for dealing with the milk when ob- 

 taine<l. IMosL farmers already 

 have their stock of dairy cow«, but 

 for those who are about to start 

 in the business, " says "Mark I<ane 

 IC.xpress," and the younger genera- 

 tion generally, it may not be out 

 of place to here describe the sort 

 of cow to look for when one goes 

 to market. In general appearance 

 a cow should be gay, her eye 

 .shoidd be full and bright, eye- 

 socket prominent, head a fair 

 length and free from coarseness, 

 the face should be dished, the 

 nostrils large, and the muzzle pre- 

 ferably white, though this point is 

 of little importance, as cattle with 

 black noses, indicating Welsh or 

 Channel Island crosses, are often 

 excellent milkers. The horns shoi'ild 

 not be too strong ; neck having 

 the appearance of length ; withers 

 and shoulders fine ; brisket well let 

 down ; back rather hollow ; ribs 

 well sp'rung ; with as little slack- 

 ness as possible behind the ' shoul- 

 ders ; the haunches wide, as also 

 the pelvic bones. The sk n shojuld 

 be soft and slack, and the animal 

 should be as fleshy as possible, 

 but not loaded with fat about the 

 region of the root of the tail, 

 which latter should be thin and 

 long. 



• — Colour. — 



Colovir does not matter, but per- 

 haps a roan is the likeliest of any. 

 The udder should not be pendulous, 

 but should extend well under the 

 belly and back between the hind 



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