l)noemb«r 1913 



Influence of Light on Fruit. 



l'"xpcriinonts Iia\c hi^-n made to 

 ascertain tin- iitllueiu-e that light 

 exercises on the development of 

 irnit, says The Mark Lane Express, 

 aiul the results are interesting. The 

 I \perinients were made liy letting 

 the fruit ripen (!) in bags that shut 

 out all rays of light: (2) in trans- 

 jKirent bags giving an attenuated 

 li^lit: (,3") fruit exposed to full day- 

 light. The trials were made on 



apes, cherries, pears, apples, &c. 

 >ni the results it would appear 

 that light is absolutely necessary only 

 during the first stages of the forma- 

 tion of fruit and grain. After this 

 initial stage had passed the fruit 

 seems able to complete its develop- 

 nient and maturity equally well in 

 ohscurity as in full light, although 

 undei- the influence of the latter a. 

 greater amount of dry substance was 

 acquired. It was observed that the 

 best results were obtained when the 

 growing fruit was under the influence 

 of an attenuated light, and also that 

 the acidity of the fruit was then 

 diminished. 



♦ 



Oranges and Lemons. 



The pr nciple orange growing 

 countries of the world are the 

 United States, Spain, Italy, 

 and Palestine. The American 

 orange industry is located in Cali- 

 fornia, Florida, Louisiana, Texas, 

 and Arizona and the ' totali annual) 

 production is estimate at 2,000,000 

 boxes. About three^fourths of the 

 American production comes from 

 California, the number of boxes 

 shipped in the 1911-12'- season be- 

 ing 13,745,9.^2, and in 1910-n, 

 15,69,5,450. The heavy freeze some 

 months ago will reduce the I9i'2-i3 

 vield much more than 50 per cent.; 

 it is not vet possible to estimate 

 the full damage to the crop. The 

 total acreage runs about 110,000. 

 The Florida production has previ- 

 ouslv run from 3,500,000 to 

 4,000,000 boxes annuallv, produced 

 on an estimated acreage of 59, 000 

 hut the crop of the present season 

 is expected +0 amount to 6,000,000 

 boxes or more, and the output of 

 vears will doubtless averasre that 

 much or more. The number r.f 

 pounds of oranges shipped in 1911 

 from the princioal foreign produc- 

 ing sections is given as fol- 

 lows :— Spain, 869,7'25,553 ; Italy, 

 282,945,860 ; in Jaffa (Palestine), 

 68,890,130 : Japan, 14,158,559 ; 

 Porto Rico, 13,076, 880 ; Cuba, 



THE GARDEN AND FIELD. 



;,6cx),8l7. California h.is furnish- 

 ed about 40 per cent, of the total 

 orange sui)i)lv of the world. The 

 oulv sections of the world produc- 

 ing lemons in commercial quanti- 

 ties are southern California and 

 southern Italy, especially Sicily. 



The acreage in Ictnou trees in Cali- 

 fornia in 191 2 was 31,478, and the 

 production is given as about 

 2,ooo,<xio boxes as compared with 

 .Vnicrican importations <)f 1,812,000 

 l)oxes. In Italv about 50,(X)i>,ooo 

 lbs. of lemons are produced annual- 

 ly. Boxes of lemons as received 

 in New Yo'rk from Italy run from 

 68 lbs. to 78 lbs. per box.— Gro- 

 cers' .Tournal. 



♦ 



The Cider Mill. 



Cider-making may be divided into 

 two separate classes: Preparing sweet 

 cider for consumption. and the 

 making of eider into vinegar. 



In putting a first-class article upon 

 the market, of course, both classes 

 must be entirely free from adultera- 

 tion. Cider may be preserved sweet 

 in two ways — by heating and seal- 

 ing, or by pasteurizing. The former 

 method will always leave a decided 

 cooked flavour, therefore the pas- 

 teurizing method is the best. 



The common way of making cider 

 vinegar is to allow the cider to fer- 

 ment and change to vinegar. 



This is a very unsatisfactory me- 

 thod, for several reasons. The 

 strength of the vinegar increases 

 year after year, and the time re- 

 quired in which to convert the sugar 

 to alcohol, and the tilcohol to acetic 

 acid, of proper strength, is too long 

 to be profitable. 



Therefore, the use of vinegar gene- 

 rators is the most satisfactory method 

 of vinegar making. Unlike most in- 

 dustries, a complete cider and vinegar 

 plant may be put into operation at 

 a relatively small cost, and increased 

 as to capacity as required. A cider 

 plant may also be used in the hand- 

 ling of other fruits, such as berries, 

 grapes, &c. 



Every community where fruit is 

 grown to any extent should support 

 a cider mill, which will, by making 

 a market for the culls, induce apple 

 growers to sort apples closer, selHng 

 only first-class stock. Clearing up 

 the windfall apples would help check 

 the orchard pests, and bring to the 

 apple grower an income from what 

 to many is a total loss. — Wisconsin 

 Horticulture. 



80» 



A RECORD! 



AULDANA 

 WINES ■ . 



I 



m MmpwiittoB agmiMi »ll 



AUSTRALIA 



ft* ASmLASDM WBfB SHOW!. 

 1«M. CHAMPIOM OOP [ox 



HOCK 



IMf. CHAlfPION GUf fwr 



CLARET 



19M. CHAXPlOIf cur f<« 



SHERRY 



FIRST PRIZES 



i(M mxaamvu im matMnm 

 Tvmm fUBm : 



Australasia Chambers, 

 King Wm. St., Adelaide. 



Yinajranla uid OaBara : 



Muglll, South Auitralia 



