824 



THE GARDEN AND FIELD. 



December, 1913 



wards the perfection of balance 

 and enable the animal to walk and 

 trot with level, active carriag'e, and 

 game, even movement, and they 

 should be fairh- oblique ond broad. 



Svmmetry, qiiality, stamina, 

 stoutness and substance are to be 

 estimated, as well as character 

 and staunchess. The short ribs 

 and hips should not approach 

 each other closely. Roominess is 

 gained by broad and prominent 

 pel\-ic bones, and ' width across 

 the loins. The udder, or mammary 

 jrlands, should be firm, and well 

 .shaped, and should hav* clearly 

 define<l teats. Vigorous heart and 

 iimjr action is e\-idenced in the 

 angle and space of the girth, and 

 siz.e of the chest. The ribs should 

 be wvH sprung, enclosing a capa- 

 cious barrel. 



The legs .should be well moulded 

 from the forearm and thighs down- 

 wards, terminating in sloping pas- 

 terns, and sound, round, wide 

 feet. The knees .should be broad 

 and massive, and the hocks well 

 placed, firm and clean. 



The lean, fine head, soft but 

 quick intelligent eye, with active 

 ears, are indications of a good 

 disposition. — Agricultural Gazette 

 of New South Wales. 



(To be Continued). 

 ♦ 



Guernsey Cattle. 



The Guernsey, unlike the .Tersey, 

 is not what might be called a 

 prettv looking animal. The cows 

 of this breed lack those deer-like 

 characteristics which have made 

 the .Tersev both a pet and an orna- 

 ment. None the less they are not- 

 able for milk making capacity of a 

 high degree. Because of a wider 

 recognition of this fact the demand 

 for them is growing is both Ameri- 

 ca and FvUgland. Mr. Callaghan, 

 Dairy Ivxpert of New South Wales, 

 is a strong advocate of the breed, 

 the stock imported by this de- 

 partment having proved of great 

 value in the dairying districts of 

 that State. 



— A Distinct Breed. — 



By a not unnatural association 

 of ideijs, many people are under 

 the impression that, as applied to 

 dairy cows, the words Jersey and 

 Guernsev are interchangable terms. 

 Nothing could be wider of the 

 truth. Kach type is quite distinct 

 from the other, and are essentially 

 different. Thus, for instance, the 

 hair of the Guernsey as longer and 



coarser than that of the .Jersey. 

 The Guern.'^ey is fawn or lemon in 

 color with patches of white. A 

 special feature of the breed is the 

 rich orange color which appears in 

 the skin, and notably in the ears. 

 Asa rule the deeper orange iis the 

 hue of this marking, the more is 

 the cow prized, though actual re- 

 sults at the bail do not appear to 

 give encouragement to this prefer- 

 ence. There are notable differences 

 in the heads of the pure bred Jer- 

 sey and Guern.sev. The shapely 

 dishing and curving of the former 

 is not found in the Guernsey. Gene- 

 rally speaking the latter is a larger 

 animal than the .Tersev, deeper in 

 the flank, and in the rib. A. char- 

 acteristic of the Guernsev is a 

 large, square udder, and the teats 

 are both of good size and well set 

 on. The cows generally produce 

 large quantities of milk of a good 

 butter fat percentage. By some 

 authorities they are regarded as 

 better cows than the .Terseys. At 

 important trials both in America 

 and England they have more than 

 held their own against other dairy- 

 ing breeds. A feature of the 

 Guernsey is that they are general- 

 ly speaking of a hardy disposition 

 and are good doers. 



— The Ideal Guernsey. — 



According to the standard laid 

 down by the English Guernsey Cat- 

 tle Society, the ideal Guernsey 

 should possess a fine long head, 

 expanded m-uzzle, .large eves, and 

 quiet and gentle expression.. The 

 horns should be yellow at the base, 

 curved, 1)ut not coarse. Black 

 markings on the nose are a defect. 

 A clean throat and a thin and ra- 

 ther long neck are -required. The 

 animal should not be heavy at the 

 shoulders. The back should be 

 level to the tail, and broad and 

 level across loins and hips. Im- 

 portance is attached to a good 

 rump. Thin withers, long and thin 

 thighs, a barrel long, ' well hooped 

 and deep at flank, are characteris- 

 tic features. A mellow and flex- 

 ible hide is es.sential, one well and 

 clo.sely covered with fine hair. 

 Yellow markings inside the ears, 

 at the end of tail, and on the 

 skin generally are indications of 

 (|uality. The udder is an import- 

 ant feature. It should be large, 

 but not fleshy, the fore part ex- 

 tending well forward. .Full in form, 

 it should come up well behind, the 

 teats need to be rather large, wide 

 apart, and squarely placed. The 

 m.ilk veins should be prominent, 

 long and tortuous, while in general 

 Hi)i)earance the animal should give 

 evc-y indication of having a good 

 constitution. 



Farmers of Forty Centuries. 



The chief object of this book by 

 F. H. King on Agriculture in 

 China, Korea and .Japan is to 

 show what soil is really capable 

 of producing provided unremitting 

 care and plant-food is lavished 

 upon it. And the results are cer- 

 tainly astonishing as are the won- 

 derful ways and means by which 

 every scrap of waste, eithesr anim.al 

 or vegetable, is collected and 

 stored up to be retu'med to the 

 soil. In China with its swarming 

 millions of population, where fami- 

 lies are large and holdings small, 

 the strictest economy in all the 

 branches of life have to be rigidly 

 practised or famine stares them 

 in the face.- Roads are made the 

 least possible width ; banks between 

 rice fields are made to bear crops 

 of beans oir peas ; ridges are so 

 arranged that they can be planted 

 on both sides as well as in be- 

 tween ; fruit trees are trained so 

 as to take up the least possible 

 room and at the same time pro- 

 duce the greatest possible num- 

 ber of fruit-bearing branches; when- 

 ever possible a second crop is sown 

 in the first in order to save time, 

 such as cotton planted in the 



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