414 



THE GARDEN AND FIELD. 



February, 19U 



Lund Drainage. 



The cold nature of undrained 

 soils calls for consideration, be- 

 cause undrained soils cannot be 

 satisfactorily worked so early in 

 the spring as those which are 



drained, for if any attempt is 

 made to cultivate them puddling 

 is the result, and the texture of 

 the soil may be so injured that its 

 restoration to a fit state for the 

 growth of crops may be verv cliiri- 

 cult. This circumstance, owing to 



f/IRt1PUHPCNQINC3 



A PUMP ENGINE THAT OUT- 

 PUMPS WINDMILLS AND RUNS 

 ANY HAND POWER MACHINE! 



Why use a hand pump or wind mill ? The former 

 is slow, very tiring and expensive, and the latter s 

 quite dependent upon wind, and consequen ly often 

 very troublesome. There is a little engine for sup- 

 erior to both and it is quickly replacing them al 

 over the State ; it's the 



Fuller and Johnson 



FARM PUMP ENGINE 



w ich will pump 500 gallons per hour from 

 we Is up to 300 feet deep and requires abso- 

 lu ely no attei tion. The engine is delivered 

 all ready for working; you just attach i to 

 the pump stork, start it, a d leave it. It re- 

 puires no special platform, belts, anchor- 

 po t-, etc. Rememi er, too, that it will work 

 on any hand pump. If not wanted for the 

 pump, just take along to the churn, separcstor 

 or other liglit machine and attach the pulley 

 provided ; or you can use i for watering gar- 

 dens, spraying, etc.,— throws a column of 

 wa er 60 ft. high. 



It costs only Id. 

 per hour to run. 



It is, undoubtedly, the handiest 

 farm engine known and construct- 

 ed so that it can be easily operated 

 by those wh') liave no experience 

 of engines; it runs without flame, 

 smoke or smell, needs no attent- 

 ion, and is as near troubl -and- 

 accident-proof as an engine could 

 be. 



Ast< for further particulars ami prices; 

 supplied to anyone free on request. 

 Sole Aiients, 



S2? 5AFARMER5 



CO-OPERATIVE UNION LI? 



FrankunSt. Adelaide. 



the lateness of the sowing season, 

 causes the harvest to be unduly 

 late, which may be disastrous in 

 districts which from other causes 

 or climatically cold and backward. 

 The fact that water is a bad con- 

 ductor but a o-Qod radiator of heat 

 causes a soil saturated with it to 

 lie always more or less cold. 

 Water quickly cools, especially 

 when evai)oration is stimulated by 

 wind or other cavises. In the first 

 ydace a film of particles of lower 

 temperature than the underlying 

 body of water for^ns upon the sur- 

 face ; these particles sink only to 

 be replaced from below by those 

 w-hich are warmer, the process 

 continuing until the mass of the 

 fluid is of tipiform temperature, 

 when, if the atmosphere conditions 

 admit of it, a layer of ice is form- 

 ed. This law of the temperature 

 properties of water may be easily 

 tested in the case of a copper of 

 water, the fire of which has recent- 

 ly been lit, when it will be found, 

 upon pluno-incr the hand and arm. 

 into the fluid, that the latter is 

 warmer at the surface than at the 

 bottom, where the heat is beinij 

 applied. This is just the contrary 

 condition to that considered above, 

 but it is precisely the same thing 

 in princiule, showing- that water, 

 when heated, expands and becomes 

 liirhter, rising to the surface ; but 

 when cooled contracts, and if then 

 at the lowest level remains there, 

 but if at the surface sinks. This 

 pronerty of water is sometimes 

 made use of in warming buildincrs, 

 in whiich case the water is heated 

 in the basement, and by transfer- 

 ence of its pjirticles presently 

 reaches the hi^^hpst point, where 

 it is cooled, retiirninn- ai-ain to the 

 basement to repeat the process. 



Durin"- the season of growth a 

 well-flrained soil f^eri^'es warmth 

 from the rain which falls upon it, 

 ns the latter is commonlv at a 

 his;-her temperature. In Kngland 

 the difference between tlie rain 

 water temperature and that of the 

 soil 2 feet deep has been found 

 upon occasions to Ire as much as 

 tS deoTees. Professor Wri'rhtson 

 lavs stress upon the advantaere 

 wh ch a drained soil derives from 

 the alterunte contraction and ex- 

 pansion which it nndergoes through 

 being wet and dry by tnrn. He 

 says, " A wet soil is almost al- 

 ways in a sodden or water-lor-ged 

 qondit on , while a drained soil is 

 repeaterllv wet and fiuickly dry. 

 Accomp.'invinfr and depend'tior iipon 

 this alternation of condition, a 

 drained soil contracts as it dries, 

 and expands when it is once more 

 wetted with rain. .Anyone who 



