452 



FOREST AND STREAM. 



IJttlt 1, 1886. 



the shape of fish. Our great prairies west of here, which we 

 considered useless a few years ago, are dotted all over with 

 cattle, which I suppose you have observed. These prairies 

 were considered worthless a short time ago, and here we are 

 supplying beef, not only to the city of Chicago and the State 

 of Illinois and the United States, but to the whole world. 

 Now, we have just as good a chance to supply fish. I suppose 

 not to the world, but for these United States— although we 

 might be antagonistic to the beef and hog produuct of this 

 country — by producing fish very cheap. I think we can pro- 

 duce fish for one-eighth of the amount of money that they 

 produce their beef and their pork for, or certainly at a moiety 

 of the cost to do it, (Applause.) 



The Chairman— No doubt we are all exceedingly interested 

 in all that Mr. Booth has to say on this subject. It is very 

 pertinent to the subject, and I have no doubt all are interested 

 in it as much as I am. 



Mr. Fatrbank— I am sorry to say I have been engaged with 

 another appointment all day which delayed me. and I was 

 not able to be here before. I hardly know" what the subject 

 of your discussions has been up to this time. I am exceedingly 

 interested in the whole question, and have looked forward to 

 this meeting with a great deal of interest and shall participate 

 in it with great pleasure, and I will be glad to add anything 

 to it that I can from the result of my observations. I gathered 

 from what Mr. Booth says that you were talking of the prop- 

 agation of whitefish, and of their gradual decrease, which is 

 a fact that we here are all painfully aware of, and those who 

 have interested themselves in the subject and have lcoked into 

 it are almost unanimous in the opinion which he expresses, 

 that this supply of fish can only be maintained by artificial 

 propagation either by the States adjoining the lakes or by the 

 general Govern tnent, or by both. My own opinion is that the 

 Federal Government should expend in the great lakes a much 

 larger amount of the appropriations which Congress gives 

 them anually for the propagation of fish in the lakes— a very 

 much larger proportion than is now expended, and very much 

 less, iu my opinion, should be expended on scientific researches 

 upon the sea coast, for which now very much the largest pro- 

 portion is expended yearly. I have not the report with me at 

 present, but f should say that at leat seventy-five per cent, of 

 the money appropriated annually by Congress for the use of 

 the United States Fisheries is expended in scientific researches, 

 which add, of course, very largely to the collection of the 

 Smithsonian Institute and to the scientific knowledge of the 

 country, but very little to the increase of the food fishes of the 

 country. They have done a large work, a great deal of work 

 in the propagation of shad, but that has been to a limited ex- 

 tent, so far as the appropriation of money goes, if my recol- 

 lection serves me right. Now, we have got this meeting 

 west, and I hope the western men will look into that subject a 

 little more carefully. I say, I have not done it, and the state- 

 ment I make is merely from memory, of the amount ex- 

 pended. I say seventy-five per cent. Do vou remember, Mr. 

 Booth, the amount of the appropriation annually for the Fish 

 Commission? 



Mr. Booth— No, I do not. 



Mr. Fairbank— But at all events the amount so expended 

 is small enough to command the attention of those interested 

 in the subject, and I do not think you can do any better work 

 here in the meeting of this Association than to look pretty 

 fully into that subject. That the whitefish can be increased 

 and the supply kept up by propagation there is no question in 

 my mind whatever. The percentage of eggs saved or frv 

 hatched and put into the waters in a condition to take care of 

 themselves is so very much larger than that hatched in the 

 natural way that it is almost fabulous, and we have had so 

 many instances like the one Mr. Booth refers to on the Mc- 

 Cloud River, showing the practicability and effectiveness of it, 

 that it does not admit of discussion any longer. It is a mere 

 matter of fact. The question for us to discuss is whether we 

 shall take those facts as we have them, and apply the knowl- 

 edge we have got and so increase tbe food supply. The 

 amount of money appropriated by the Government is exceed- 

 ingly small compared with the magnitude of the interest, and 

 we should all endeavor to make that appropriation very 

 much larger. There is no question in my mind about the 

 feasibility and of the necessity for the general Government to 

 take hold of the matter on these lakes. They regulate their 

 navigation; they hold the coutrol of the waters in all ways, 

 and the benefits to be derived go to the nation, toward the 

 cheapening of the supply of food in the Western eountay. 

 By doing that they cheapen the supply in the Eastern country, 

 because, if we have an abundance here we don't draw from 

 them, therefore we don't advance the price there; so the 

 benefits accrue to the whole people. It is not a sectional affair 

 at all. But I did not get up this afternoon prepared and with 

 the idea of making any extended remarks on the subject, but 

 this has occurred to me. I am very glad to see a good at- 

 tendance, and while it is not a mass' meeting, the men that 

 are here are here for the purpose of considering this subject, 

 and are interested in it, and they show their earnestness and 

 their interest by coming here, and I am sure much good will 

 come of it. 



Mm. Mather— With regard to the U. S. Pish Commission I 

 will say: It is a popular error that it was creat d for the pur- 

 pose of fishculture. The fact is that the act of Congress which 

 called it into being distinctly stated that it was for the pur- 

 pose of examining into the causes of the decrease of the food 

 fishes of the Atlantic coast, I do not pretend to give the exact 

 wording, but nothing is more certain than that scientific in- 

 vestigation and not reproduction was aimed at in the original 

 bill. Fishculture has been taken up as a side issue, and while 

 I heartily approve of it, I wish to say at the same time that it 

 was not and is not the end and soie aim of the Commission. 

 The fisheries industries is a broad question, and is so treated 

 by the U. S. Commission, and as Americans we should be 

 equally interested in the causes which render the mackerel 

 scarce in Maine and Massachusetts, the whitefish rare in the 

 Great Lakes, and the salmon infrequent on the Pacific slope. 

 The work of the U. S. Fish Commission under the direction of 

 Professor Baird has been the greatest and grandest work in 

 this line in the world, and the reports issued cover niore 

 ground than any similar works ever issued, and are sought for 

 in all lands. I have so often explained to this Society that 

 fishculture is not the only duty of the Commission, and, in 

 fact, is but a minor part of what is denned as the objects for 

 which it was created, that I hope I may be pardoned for 

 repeating it, and 1 only do so now because of an apparent mis- 

 apprehension that the Commissioner was not doing his full 

 duty in propagating fishes, especially in the Great Lakes. 

 When it is fairly understood that the original act of Congress 

 meant investigation, scientific investigation, then the case will 

 be clearly understood, and it will be seen that Prof. Baird is 

 carrying out a grand plan of which fishculture is animportant, 

 though not the only important part. 



[TO BE CONTINUED.] 



THE HUDSON FISHWAYS.— Editor Forest and Stream : 

 The new fishways for the tributaries of the Hudson, which 

 were mentioned a few weeks ago as having been authorized 

 by the Legislature to be built. I hope will be constructed in 

 the most thorough manner. I have not seen a copy of the 

 bill, and therefore cannot say whether they will be con- 

 structed under the supervision of the Commissioners of Fish- 

 eries or not, or whether the Commissioners are to be con- 

 sulted in regard to the choice of the plans. I incline to think, 

 however, that they are not, from the fact that the Engineers' 

 Division of the New York State Canals seems to be in charge 

 of this matter. There are very few fishway experts in the 

 country, and it will injure the prospects of having fishways 

 on all the State streams if these are not only properly con- 

 structed, but properly situated as well. To accomplish 

 this needs a thorough study of the details by some com- 



petent expert before the construction is begun, in order that 

 there may be no chance for error. It is also important that 

 these structures should be made efficient and that false notions 

 of economy should not intervene and impair their usefulness. 

 It is not at all difficult to construct a fishway which will 

 readily pass salmon, and some other fishes, but it is more diffi- 

 cult to construct one which shad can be incraced to enter, even 

 though they pass up readily after once attempting to go up. 

 It may well be questioned if the engineers of the New York 

 State canals are familiar with the building of fishways, no 

 matter how great their other acquirements may be, and I 

 hope that before the contracts are given out some practical 

 builder of fishways will be employed to select the proper sites 

 for the structures. This would be "an assurance that the chance 

 of error in location would be reduced to a minimum. With 

 these fish passes properly made, and in good working order, it 

 will not be difficult to obtain appropriations for further work 

 in this direction, and therefore I hope that efforts will be made 

 to have these made in the best manner in order that they may 

 serve as models. — H. 



Allen's bow-facing oars, $8 per pair. Fred A. Allen, Monmouth , 

 111.— Adv. 



FIXTURES. 



FIELD TRIALS. 



Sept, 21 —Field Trials of the Manitoba Field Trials Club. Charles 

 A. Boxer, Secretary. Box 2S2, Winnipeg. 



Nov. 8.— Second Annual Field Trials of the Western Field Trials 

 Association, at Abilene, Kan. R. C. Van Horn, Secretary, Kansas 

 City, Mo. 



Nov. 8 —Third Annual Field Trials of the Fisher's Island Club, 

 Fisher's Island, N. Y. Max Wenzal. Secretary, Hoboken. N. J. 



Nov. 22.— Eighth annual field trials of tbe Eastern Field Trials Club, 

 at High Point, N. C. W. A. Coster, Secretary, Flatbush, Kings 

 county. N. Y. 



Dec. 6.- Eighth Annual Field Trials of the National Field Trials 

 Club, at Grand Junction, Tenn. 



DOG SHOWS. 



July 20, 21, 22 and 23.— Milwaukee Dog Show. John D. Olcott, Man- 

 ager, Milwaukee, Wis. 



July 27 to 31.— Dog Show of the California Bench Show and Field 

 Trials Club. E. Leavesly, Superintendent. 136 iMontgomery street, 

 San Francisco, Cal. 



Aug. 24, 2,i, 26 and 27.— First Annual Dog Show of Ihe Latonia 

 Agricultural Association. Covington, Ky. George H. Hill, Manager, 

 P. O. Box 76, Cincinnati, O. 



Sept. 8. 9 and lO.-Hornellsville, N. Y.. Dog Show, Farmers' Club 

 Fair. J. O. Fellows, Superintendent, ITornellsvilte. 



Sept. 14, 15, 16 and 17.— First fall dog show of tbe New Jersey Ken- 

 nel Club, Waverly. N. J. A. P. Vredenburg, secretary, Bergen Point, 

 N. J. 



A. K. R.-SPECIAL NOTICE. 

 rpHE AMERICAN KENNEL REGISTER, for the registration of 

 pedigrees, etc. (with prize fists of all shows and trials), is pub" 

 iished every month. Entries close on the 1st. Should be in early. 

 Entry blanks sent on receipt of stamped and addressed envelope. 

 Registration fee (50 cents) must accompany each entry. No entries 

 inserted unless paid in advance. Yearlv subscription $1.50. Address 

 "American Kennel Register," P. O. Boj 2832, New York. Number 

 of entries already printed 3810. 



PARASITIC DISEASES OF DOGS-II. 



IMPORTANT as are the diseases caused by lumbricoid 

 worms in the dog, tbe canine cestodes or tapeworms 

 are of even greater interest, alike to the dog owner and the 

 pathologist. Although less numerous than the nematodes de- 

 scribed iu the first paper of this series, the part played by 

 these parasites in the economy of life, as regards the propaga- 

 tion of parasitic diseases among animals, is of the first im- 

 portance. 



The cucumerine tapeworm (Tmiia cucumcrina) is found in 

 from 40 to 70 per cent, of all dogs, and is by far the most 

 common canine tapeworm. It is a small, almost transparent 

 cestode, measuring from 10 to 20in. in length. The body is 

 much elongated and composed Of many segments, each seg- 

 ment being in reality a separate individual, joining together a 

 sort of colony of mothers and daughters, which are all pro- 

 duced primarily from the parent head by a process of "bud- 

 ding," each segment springing from the one before it, but all 

 adhere to each other, and are attached to the larva head or 

 scolex. There is no alimentary canal, the creature subsisting 

 by absorbing nutriment through its skin. The mature or ter- 

 minal joints are much elongated and narrowed at both ends, 

 and each joint is provided with two reproductive papillae, one 

 on each side of the margin. The head is furnisned with 

 suckers, by which it adheres to the intestinal mucous mem- 

 brane, the intestines of the dog being its proper habitat. 



The manner in which this parasite obtains entrance into the 

 body of the dog has been thoroughly demonstrated by numer- 

 ous experiments by many observers. The mature terminal 

 segments, which contain ripe eggs, are passed peranum, and 

 frequently sticking to the hair of the dog, the contained eggs 

 are deposited on the coat. The common dog louse (Tricho- 

 dectes talus) for some reason eats these eggs readily, which 

 then speedily hatch within its body and a minute embryo pro- 

 vided with six hooks escapes. With these hooks it bores into 

 the body cavity of the louse, and imbeds itself in the tissues, 

 there becoming encysted and transformed into a microscopic 

 Cysticercus, or "louse measle." The way in which a dog will 

 gnaw and lick a louse or flea bite is well-known to all, and in 

 this way "measley" lice are introduced into the canine intes- 

 tinal canal. Here the louse parasite is digested aud the mi- 

 nute Cysticercus set free, which, penetrating to the intestine, 

 attaches itself and develops into the mature form of T. cucu- 

 merina, the terminal segments of which again produce eggs. 

 We have thus the very interesting phenomenon of an animal 

 carrying the immature form of one of its internal parasites on 

 its own body embedded within the tissues of an external 

 parasite. Truly, 



"Big fleas have little fleas 



Upon then- backs to bite 'era; 

 And little fleas have lesser fleas, 

 And so ad infinitum! " 



As the lice are easily passed on from the coat of one animal 

 to another, a single intestinal tape worm of this species may 

 infect a large number of dogs, and an entire pack or kennel 

 will usually suffer at once if one infected dog be introduced. 



The prevention of cucumerine taenia disease is far mor im- 

 portant than its cure; the method will at once suggest itself, 

 beware of the Trichodeotes, and when under treatment or 

 otherwise the tapeworms are expelled they should be destroyed 

 by fire or boiling water. The general considerations of clean- 

 liness, etc., will also at once suggest themselves as efficient 

 aids. The treatment for this disease will be discussed under 

 that proper for tapeworm infection due to other species. 



The largest and most formidable tapeworm inhabiting the 

 dog is the margined tapeworm (Tamia marginata). It reaches 

 a length of eight feet, but is more commonly but five or six 

 feet long. It is a rather abundant species, being found in 25 

 per cent, of all full grown English dogs, and is not at all un- 

 common in this country. The larval form or cysticercus of this 

 species is found in the sheep, and is known as the slender-necked 

 hydatid, the neck being narrow and much elongated ; the entire 

 cysticercus is about the size of a large cherry. The head of 

 this tcenia is armed with hooks arrayed in a double crown 

 and also with suckers, which taken together, with the great 

 size of the worm, serve toiidentify it. 



The way in which the larvae are introduced into the intes- 

 tine of the dog is by the animal eating raw and infected mut- 

 ton, and the sheep take in the eggs of the tamia in drinking 

 water or from eating green food, to which some of the passed 

 ova of this parasite chance to adhere, an infected dog con-" 

 stantly sowing the ripe eggs everywhere. The infested ova 

 soon hatch, the embryo emerges and bores its way to a con- 

 venient resting place within the body of its herbivorous host, 

 and there remains encysted until devoured by some hungry 

 dog. 



The so-called "gid tapeworm" (Tmnia coznurus) is one of the 

 most important parasites of the canine race, especially from 

 the stock raiser's standpoint; the cysticercus or immature 

 tamia being the cause of a most serious and deadly disease of 

 the sheep, and even of man himself. In the mature condition, 

 as found in the intestine of the dog and wolf, the gid tapeworm 

 measures from twenty to fifty inches in length. So closely 

 does it resemble in this stage the Taenia serrata to be described 

 below that a detailed account of its structure is not called for. 

 Fortunately it is not by any meaus a common species, being 

 found in less than five per cent, of English dogs, and in a yet 

 smaller number of American animals; among well bred and 

 well cared for dogs it is yet rarer. In Icelancf Krabbe tells us 

 that this hideous parasite is found in eighteen per cent, of all 

 the native dogs. The gid tapeworm gains entrance to the 

 body by the animal eating the raw brains of sheep affected 

 with hydatid of the brain, "gid disease," or "stardy." The 

 pathology of this disease we must now consider. Animals 

 harboring a mature hydatid tapeworm in the intestines are 

 constantly passing the ripe eggs per anmn, these may adhere 

 to the hair around the anus, and should the dog enter a pond, 

 stream or drinking trough they are washed off and float in the 

 water. Should now a herbivorous animal swallow one or 

 more of these eggs while drinking, or in any other way, the 

 ovum immediately hatches, and a minute embryo of a some- 

 what oval shape, having one end of its body arined with sharp 

 cutting books, emerges. With its booklets the embryo bores 

 its way through the tissues imtil it reaches the brain of its 

 miserable host. Here it becomes surrounded by a wall derived 

 f rorn the tissue? of its bearer, and now a most wonderful suc- 

 cession of phenomena appear. The embryo increases in size, 

 the hooks are cast, and the outer Avail develops into a rather 

 thick skin. Other changes take place, until the parasite consists 

 of a simple spherical bag filled with a milk-white fluid, the size 

 is about that of a plump hazelnut. There now appear upon 

 the outer surface of this "vesicular worm" numerous de- 

 pressions, from three hundred to more than a thousand in 

 number, these gradually elongate inward like the finger of a 

 glove. Hooklets and suckers now develop on each "glove 

 finger," and each finally becomes a perfect scolex or gid tape- 

 worm head. Great suffering, wild delirium and often death, 

 in spite of all treatment, are the results of these metamor- 

 phoses in the unfortuuate ruminant. Should the animal die, 

 as is most likely, or be lolled and the head thrown out where 

 dogs can get at it, it will certainly be eaten, and should one 

 of the cysts above described be swallowed, the sack wall is at 

 once digested and the heads become free, and enter the intes- 

 tine along with food. Here they fasten themselves by their 

 hooks, and rapidly each develops into a mature gid tapeworm. 

 As the cysts are usually more or less injured by the teeth, for- 

 tunately only a few iustead of many hundreds of uninjured 

 heads are introduced, but we may have a thousand descend- 

 ants from a single egg! 



The importance of eradicating this fearful disease can hardly 

 be exaggerated, and the means of so doing are evident. Never 

 allow dogs to eat butcher's offal ; treat carefully any canine 

 tapeworm disease, and utterly destroy the passed parasites. 

 And to the stock raiser belongs the duty of burning the heads 

 of all sheep dead of hydatid of the brain disease, and of keep- 

 ing strange dogs of all sorts off his sheep ranges, lest they 

 harbor gid taenia, and may spread the fatal eggs over tbe 

 grazing ground. 



Greyhounds, harriei-s and beagles, which are occasionally 

 allowed to eat the entrails of hares and rabbits, are frequently 

 Infested by the Tcenia sewata. The parasite usually meas- 

 ures two or three feet iu length; it is one of the armed tape- 

 worms, the head being provided with a formidable crown of 

 hooks. The suckers and long pointed body of all the typical 

 species of tapeworm are. well illustrated in the parasite; its 

 size and armed head serve to distinguish it from other com - 

 mon species. T. serrata is derived from the cysticercus so com- 

 monly found in the peritoneum of hares and rabbits. In con- 

 ducting various investigations we have made post mortem 

 examinations of hundreds of rabbits and hares, and have 

 found these cysts in nearly oue-half of all the Leporido} ex- 

 amined. The cysts average tbe size of a hazelnut, aud should 

 one be swallowed by a clog, the cyst wall is, as usual, digested, 

 aud the taenia head is set free to begin its metamorphoses and 

 egg production within the intestines. Rabbits are infested by 

 eating grass on which the eggs— which are being constantly 

 given off by an infected dog — have chanced to lodge, tbe usual 

 six-hooked embryo emerging from the egg when hatched, 

 boring through the tissues, and establishing itself in the peri- 

 toneum, there to remain encysted until swallowed by some 

 carnivorous animal which is making a meal of its long-eared 

 bearer. 



Nothing could be simpler than the prevention of infection 

 by this taenia. If dogs are never allowed to eat uncooked 

 hare or rabbit, they will certainly not suffer from the invasions 

 of this species of parasite. The importance of speedily curing 

 any dog of taenia disease and destroying the passed jjarasites 

 is evident. 



The symptoms caused by tapeworms of various species iu the 

 dog are by no means positive or diagnostic. Disturbances of 

 digestion, nutrition in general, and symptoms referable to the 

 nervous system are common. Emaciation without obvious 

 cause, and in spite of a voracious appetite, always suggests 

 the presence of parasites ; the finding of segments in the faeces 

 is of course positive evidence of the presence of worms, and 

 should always be looked for when a dog is believed to be suf- 

 fering from taenia disease. The administration of one of the 

 milder vermifuges is justifiable for the purposes of diagnosis, 

 as the segments of some species are rarely passed spontane- 

 ously. After the administration of the medicine the faeces 

 must be watched for a day or two for worms. By placing the 

 excreta in a shallow vessel of water, preferably one of dark 

 color, as an ordinary red glazed terra cotta dish, as the taenia 

 segments can then be seen much more easily, and breaking 

 them up with a small stick the examination is easily and 

 thoroughly made. 



The treatment of tape worm diseases in dogs is fairly satis- 

 factory, but it must be remembered that unless the "head" or 

 scolex 'is expelled that the parasite will be speedily reproduced. 

 The most scientific method is to carefully examine the passages 

 for the heads after the administration of vermifuges, The 

 animal should be prepared for treatment by being fed only 

 on a small amount of broth for twenty-four or thirty-six hours, 

 A full dose of castor oil should also be administered at least 

 twelve hours before the vermifuge is given. 



Among the most valuable remedies for tapeworm infection 

 in the dog are areca nut, brayera or kooso, male fern, 

 kameela, turpentine and chloroform. Areca nut is usually 

 given in doses of one dram, the nut being simply grated and 

 then made into a bolus with butter or lard. The dose of the 

 dried brayera flowers (koosso) is two or three drams; it is given 

 in a cupful of warm water, in which the flowers may first be 

 allowed to macerate for a quarter of an hour, Male fern may 

 be given in the form of the extract or oleoresin; the dose of 

 the latter for a setter is ten or fifteen drops, given in gelatin 

 capsules or well beaten up with a raw egg. Kameela is not 

 as valuable as many other remedies; the dose of the powdered 

 drug is one-half or one dram for a greyhound or harrier. 

 Chloroform is a most efficient, but somewhat dangerous, 

 remedy; it should only be used when other drugs have failed. 



