July 8, 1886.] 



FOREST AND STREAM. 



473 



to use canvas if they please to catch them. How long would 

 it be if you put in fish at one cent a thousand in the waters — 

 these small fish are comparatively worthless — before they 

 would increase the size of the mesh and they would catch 

 nothing but the big fish? It would be only four or five yearB 

 before you would be willing to reduce the size of the net. 

 There are a few unscrupulous men, I am sorry to say, belong- 

 ing to the business I am connected with that would use those 

 small meshes, but they are few. If there is any way you can 

 reach them, you have my indorsement to do so. 



Mb. Bissell— They are all in Wisconsin. 



Mr, Booth — Well, Wisconsin has not got so much territory 

 to fish in as the State of Michigan. We tried that on the Col- 

 umbia River. There was a law passed iu the State of Oregon 

 licensing every boat at so much a piece, and every fisherman. 

 I think it was $10 for a boat and $5 for a fisherman, to the 

 fishermen who fished with a boat. The law was passed and 

 they collected the license and they agreed to spend the amount 

 of money they collected to the propagation of salmon in that 

 river, and one of these foreign Knights of Labor or communists 

 —or other classical name, I don't know what they were — he 

 discovered in his great learning that it was unconstitutional. 

 We were getting along nicely and everybody was paying his 

 little license, and he thought it was unconstitutional. Well, 

 he refused to pay and we sued him and got a judgment against 

 him and went up to the last court, and it was declared uncon- 

 stitutional. Now, we may strike such a thing as that. I 

 don't think the people of the State of Illinois or Wisconsin 

 or Michigan would resort to such a course. I think they 

 would be perfectly willing to pay a license ; hut I must say I 

 think the cheapest way we can reproduce our fish is by arti- 

 ficial propagation, and not with this vast amount— I think 

 you say it will take eight or ten thousand a year— for policing, 

 and it will be only a few years before you accomplish all 

 which vou now seek to attain. 



Mr. Fairbank— I want to say one word on the subject of 

 the general Government taking hold of the thing. I under- 

 stand Mr. Bissell to state the purport of the law as it exists, 

 and also the expenditures of the money that are made. Now, 

 a considerable amount of money has been expended in arti- 

 ficial propagation— more in shad than anything else— and I 

 can see no reason why it is not a subject that the general 

 Government should take up and spend money upon. There 

 is an injustice in the State of Ohio, for instance, spending 

 money in hatching shad and depositing them in the Ohio 

 River, when they go down the river and are caught all the 

 way down the river. Louisville, for instance, would spread 

 her nets and take the fish propagated by Ohio, and the fish 

 that Michigan propagates Illinois will catch, for whitefish 

 migrate, and so they do in all the waters ; and it is an expen- 

 diture from which all the people would reap an equal benefit, 

 and an expenditure purely within the scope of the general 

 Government to take hold of. I want to see the present law 

 amended. I want to see some action on the part of parties 

 interested in this matter with our representatives, to have 

 some legislation on the subject, and some new restrictions put 

 upon the appropriations. The scope of the United States Fish 

 Commission, their labors and their work, have been very 

 much enlarged since the passage of the first bill, since the ap- 

 pointment of the first commission. There is only one com- 

 missioner. There should be more than one commissioner. 

 There should be three or five commissioners, representing the 

 different interests. A larger amount of money should be ap- 

 propriated, and the work and scope of the commission should 

 be very much enlarged. That is the idea I want to get before 

 the meeting. 



Mr. Clark— In regard to this question — speaking as Mr. 

 Bissell did in his paper in regard to showing results to the 

 people and to his legislature and other legislatures, I wish to 

 say to you who were present last spring when this paper— 

 this poorly gotten up paper— was presented by myself, you 

 will remember I gave you some facts in regard to what we 

 could show that artificial propagation and planting of white- 

 fish had done in the great lakes, and why 1 claimed it must be 

 due to that, because it had shown quicker in that than in any 

 other way. The figures I gave you go to show it. They show 

 there that there was some 65,000,000 or 70,000,000 of whitefish 

 that had been planted up to a certain date in 1882 in Lake 

 Erie. From all the facts we could learn in our gathering 

 statistics a year ago last fall it showed they were on the in- 

 crease there. These fishermen say so here in the lower end of 

 the lake, but not in the upper end of the lake. That goes to 

 show again that whitefish do migrate; that the whitefish 

 planted in the Detroit River by the State of Michigan and in 

 the upper end of the lake by the United States Fish Commis- 

 sion show the increase more in the lower end of the lake. It 

 goes to show your fish migrate. Now the fish that are hatched 

 by the Michigan Commission are caught down in Erie, Pa. 

 Is that right to do that? 



Mr. Bissell— I would like to ask if whitefish are migratory 

 to the extent it is claimed, why they don't migrate back to the 

 grounds that have been once fished in Lake Michigan? 



Whereupon, upon motion duly seconded, the convention ad- 

 journed until 10:30 o'clock A. M,, to-morrow, Wednesday, 

 April 14, at the same place. 



THE MACKEREL SEASON. 



THE position taken by the Massachusetts Fish and Game 

 Protective Association in regard to the protection of 

 mackerel during the spawning season, as set forth in its 

 memorial to Congress, adopted at the last meeting of the 

 society, is an important one ; but yet it is likely to meet with 

 considerable opposition from the owners of vessels and those 

 interested in the mackerel fishery. Since a measure involving 

 the principles in the petition has already passed the House of 

 Representatives, the petition of the Association is addressed 

 to the Senate. 



There are some points concerning this early mackerel fish- 

 ing which it may be interesting to note. In the first place the 

 mackerel taken previous to July 1 are inferior in quality and 

 of small size. But very few which will grade above No. 3 are 

 ever taken previous to that date. Such mackerel have to be 

 sold at from §3 to $5 per barrel, where good-sized fish and fish 

 out of the poor condition necessarily the result of breeding, 

 should bring from §6 to $10 per barrel. Then again the catch 

 is remarkably uncertain. Indeed, so true is this that in the 

 opinion of those best posted in regard to the fishing business, 

 the result of the entire labors of the New England mackerel 

 fleet up to July 1 for the past ten years has been a failure. 

 Now and then a fortunate vessel gets into New York early 

 with "a trip of fresh mackerel," and money is made. But 

 such cases are the exception. 



Secretary Wilcox, formerly of the Boston Fish Bureau, but 

 now of the American Fish Bureau of Gloucester, was seen the 

 other day, and his views noted on the subject. Said he; "The 

 attempt to take mackerel previous to July 1 is worse than a 

 lottery, and the entire result is always a loss. The vessels of 

 the New England fleet would be much better off if they never 

 left their wharves to go for mackerel previous to very late in 

 Juue or July 1." The value of the mackerel to the New Eng- 

 land fleet per anum is not less than $2,000,000, and yet it is 

 plain to any one familiar with the trade that not above $100,- 

 000 of this value in salt mackerel is taken previous to July 1. 

 In fresh mackerel, a very small matter when compared with 

 the worth of salt mackerel to the trade to the country, now 

 and then a vessel makes a success and wins a prize in this 

 fisherman's lottery, but the ^blanks outnumber the prizes a 

 hundred to one. 



Again, if it is true, as it begins to be thoroughly demon- 

 strated in the art of fish propagation, that the adult fish, led 

 by an unerring instinct, invariably returns to the scene of its 

 birthplace to breed, then the result of this early seining of 

 mackerel is plain— the utter driving them from our coast. 



Indeed there are plenty of thinking men, thoroughly conver- 

 sant with the fishiug business, and who have given the sub- 

 ject a good deal of thought, who are convinced that this early 

 fishing for mackerel with seines is a most prolific cause oft he 

 departure of mackerel from our coast. It is certainly admitted 

 by all that larger and fatter mackerel would result to the 

 trade were the early seining stopped. But it is understood 

 that the Fulton Market fresh fish trade is to oppose, the 

 passage of the anti-early-seining bill iu the Senated and it may 



This market interest is the worst enemy to fish and game 

 protective measures. It is also understood that the 'Boston 

 fresh fish trade is inimical to the measure. What means & 

 dollar to the market dealer must not be touched by legislation, 

 be the value of fish and game protection never so great to the 

 rest of the world. The right to buy and sell at all seasons 

 regardless" of results is being fought for with all the forct 

 money can buy, and all the foolish sentiment about the sacre< I 

 rights of trade that can be gathered up with which to f right ei 

 the mawkish legislator, The spawning is over by the last of 

 June, and the mackerel then begins to improve in condition as 

 well as size, but the fresh fish dealer is not willing to wait. 

 He must have his prey at all seasons not absolutely prohibited 

 by an edict of nature which cannot be overcome. Special. 



SALMON IN THE HUDSON. 



THE captures of adult salmon in the Hudson, already re- 

 corded in our columns, are very encouraging. The most 

 doubting of "Thomases" must admit that these fish are the re- 

 sult of the plant of 1882 by Prof. Baird. In former times an 

 occasional stray salmon has been taken in this river, but it has 

 been at intervals of some years. Now, however, we have 

 authentic accounts of four adult fish naving been captured 

 and others seen just at the time when they naturally would 

 be looked for after the first planting. In former experiments 

 in the Hudson, we think that only the quinnat salmon of tne 

 Pacific coast were planted, and these fish have failed to re- 

 turn to waters on the Atlantic slope. The salmon put in the 

 Hudson by Prof. Baird since 1882 have all been of the Atlantic 

 ■species, the Salmo salat , from the rivers of Maine, and there 

 is positive proof that the trout streams of Warren county, 

 New York, afford them food during their early life. Last 

 October we reported the capture of yearlings from Clendon 

 Brook, and now we are permitted to publish the following 

 letter to the Superintendent of the Long Island Hatchery, 

 where the fish are brought to life: 



Glens Falls, N. Y, June 19, 1886.— Mr. Fred Mather: 

 This morning's mail should deliver to you a couple of young 

 salmon. Yesterday editor Harris, of the Glens Falls Republican, 

 and I went out to try for trout, and our labors ended at Clendon 

 Brook. I fished the brook but a short time, for fifty salmon 

 would rise to one trout, and I did not wish to run the risk of 

 injuring the salmon. Every pool or "hole" contained them, 

 they were on the riffs, in fact, they were everywhere. They 

 are so much brighter colored when" seen in the water than the 

 trout that they are easily distinguished. I injured two and 

 therefore kept them, and just had time last night after I re- 

 turned to get them in the midnight mail. You will see that 

 they are in good condition, better even than those I sent last 

 year. At four months younger they seem fully as large as the 

 sample I sent last October, and they are certainly fatter. I 

 think you will call these pretty fair yearlings. I caught one 

 that was a little more than seven inches long, and the one I 

 sent you was six, which is about the size of last year's plant 

 that I saw. The plant of 1884 seem to have all gone to sea.— 

 A. N. Cheney. 



[We nave seen the specimens sent, and they are exceed- 

 ingly plump and well fed. The fact that adults havereturned 

 from the light plantings of 1882 snows that they will push 

 through the impure waters of the lower Hudson, as the shad 

 do, and seek the spawning grounds above. The tributaries of 

 the upper river are all that can be desired as salmon nurseries, 

 and we hope to see this good work go on until "Hud- 

 son River salmon" are quoted in the market, and anglers are 

 to be seen whipping the pools above Troy if the proposed fish- 

 ways are properly built.] 



THE TROY DAM FISH WAY.— Glens Falls, N. Y, June 

 30.— Editor Forest and Stream: Correspondents of Forest and 

 Stream recently questioned the existence of a flshway in the 

 dam at Troy ; and in commenting thereon I stated that I had 

 supposed that the law providing for a fishway had been com- 

 plied with, and the the chute now to be seen in the dam was 

 the result. This evening I notice that Superintendent of 

 Public Works Shanahan "has completed the repairs to the 

 old fishway in the State dam at Troy." This seems to settle 

 the question of the fishway's existence, and let us trust that it 

 permits the salmon, lately known to have returned to the 

 Hudson, to ascend another stage on their long journey to the 

 headwaters of the river and their spawning ground. If the 

 other obstacles are as speedily removed, Hudson River salmon 

 may in a few years become as well known as Hudson River 

 shad.— A, N. Cheney. 



CARP CULTURISTS are to have a special journal to be 

 called the Journal of Fishcxdture and Rural Hydraulics. It 

 will be edited by Mr. Milton P. Pierce, and published by the 

 Rural Publishing Co., of Philadelphia, under the patronage of 

 the American Carp Cultural Association. 



Allen's bow-facing oars, $8 per pair. Fred A. Allen, Monmouth , 

 III.— Adv, 



FIXTURES. 



FIELD TRIALS. 



Sent. 31.— Field Trials of the Manitoba Field Trials Club. Charles 

 A. Boxer, Secretary, Box 383, Winnipeg. 



Nov. 8.— Second Annual Field Trials of the Western Field Trials 

 Association, at Abilene, Kan. R. C. Van Horn, Secretary, Kansas 

 Citv, Mo. 



Nov. 8 — Third Annual Field Trials of the Fisher's Island Club, 

 Fisher's Island, N. Y. Max Wenzel, Secretary, Hoboken. N. J. 



Nov. 22.— Eighth annual field trials of the Eastern Field Trials Club, 

 at High Point, N. C. W. A. Coster, Secretary, Flatbush, Kings 

 county. N. Y. 



Dec. 6.— Eighth Annual Field Trials of the National Field Trials 

 Club, at G-rand Junction, Tenn. 



DOG SHOWS. 



July 30, 21, 22 and 23,— Milwaukee Dog Show. John D. Olcott, Man- 

 ager, Milwaukee, Wis. 



July 37 to 81.— Dog Show of the California Bench Show and Field 

 Trials Club. E. Leavesly, Superintendent, 436 Montgomery street, 

 San Francisco, Cal. 



Aug. 24, 25, 36 and 27.— First Annual Dog Show of the Latonia 

 Agricultural Association, Covington, Ky. George H. Hill, Manager, 

 P. O. Box 76, Cincinnati, O. 



Sept. 8, 9 and 10.— Hornellsville, N. Y.. Dog Show, Farmers' Club 

 Fair. J. O. Fellows, Superintend ent, Hornellsville. 



Sept. 14, 15, 16 and 17.— First fall dog show of the New Jersey Ken- 

 nel Club, Waverly, N. J. A. P. Vredenburg, secretary, Bergen Point , 

 N.J. 



A. K. R.-SPECIAL NOTICE. 

 npHE AMERICAN KENNEL REGISTER, for the registration of 

 pedigrees, etc. (with prize lists of all shows and trials), Is pub- 

 lished every month. Entries close on the 1st. Should be in early. 

 Entry blanks sent on receipt of stamped and addressed envelope. 

 Registration fee (50 cents) must accompany each entry. No entries 

 inserted unless paid in advance. Yearlv subscription $1.50. Address 

 "American Kennel Register," P. O. Bo* 2883, New York. Number 

 of entries already printed 3810. 



PARASITIC DISEASES IN DOGS.-III. 



THERE is occasionally found in the dog a very small tape- 

 worm, producing but few symptoms in its canine host, 

 but so deadly are the ravages of the larval form of this para- 

 site in other animals, that a full understanding of its life 

 history is most important to the dog owner and stock-raiser. 

 The common hydatid tapeworm (Tmnia echinoeoccus) in its 

 adult condition attains a l«ngth of inch ; it is composed of 

 but four segments, thus differing greatly from the taenia in 

 general. The head is armed with a pointed rostellum and a 

 double crown of hooks, there being from thirty to forty hook- 

 lets. There are four suckers, behind which the head segment 

 is much elongated, forming the so-called "neck." The final 

 segment when mature equals in length the three exterior ones, 

 taken together. The reproductive papilla is situated on the 

 nargin of this segment or proglottis somewhat below tho 

 central line. This minute eestode inhabits the intestinal canal 

 of the dog and wolf, probably causing but trifling inconveni- 

 ence to its canine bearer, but a dog infected by hydatid tape- 

 worms represents a sort of center of dangerous and often fatal 

 disease to the herbivorous animals and man. 



An animal harboring one of these taenia is continually pass- 

 ing the mature eggs per anum, great numbers being given off 

 by the adult parasite. The eggs are diffused through water, 

 especially by diseased dogs swimming through it, so washing 

 off the ova which have adhered to the hair around the anas ; 

 they also adhere to fruits and vegetables, and in one way or 

 another are scattered broadcast. Should one or more of the 

 ova be swallowed by any herbivorous animal, a most wonder- 

 ful series of developmental phenomena take place. The egg 

 hatches, and from it emerges a minute embryo, which is pro- 

 vided with the usual six eestode hooks. This larva nowbores 

 its way to a suitable site within the body of its host— the lungs 

 and liver being the favorite situation's. The embryo now 

 somewhat slowly develops into a spherical vesicle, and these 

 now bud from the inner wall of this cyst "daughter vesicles," 

 and from these again "granddaughter cysts" may be again 

 produced by "budding." 



Gemmation or "budding" consists in the outgrowth of 

 "buds" or [gemmce from the integument or interior of an ani- 

 mal. Speakiug generally, these "buds," after acquiring more 

 or less likeness to the parental stock, may either remain at- 

 tached to the parent or become separated and begin an inde- 

 pendent existence. Budding is well illustrated by the little 

 Aphis or plant louse, curious ova-like masses budding here 

 from the interior layer. This process is thought to cause 

 monstrosities, such as double heads, etc. , in the higher ani- 

 mals by some authorities ; it is the usual mode of reproduction 

 of certain of the lowest animals, as Hydra. 



On the walls of all these hydatid cysts above described, 

 minute pocket-like sacks are developed, and in these sacks or 

 "brood capsules" echinoeoccus heads are formed, sometimes as 

 many as twelve heads being found in each brood capsule, and 

 the capsules may be almost innumerable from one embryo 

 hatched from one ingested echinoeoccus egg. 



All hydatid cysts are full of fluid, which, when not altered 

 by inflammatory change, is clear, opalescent, and of neutral 

 reaction to test paper, it is destitute of albumen, but rich in 

 sodium chloride and often contains grape sugar and inosite. 



The echinoeoccus heads or scolices, let us say from an ox, 

 present the following characters: They measure about 1-60 

 inch in length, the body is divided by an hourglass-like con- 

 striction, the anterior portion being armed with rostellum and 

 hooks. 



Should any part of an hydatid cyst containing one or 

 more brood capsules be swallowed by a dog or wolf —as often 

 happens when dogs have access to butcher's offal— the cyst 

 walls are digested, and the heads set free. These soon attach 

 themselves, and rapidly develop into adult tapeworms within 

 the alimentary tract, and the cycle of development goes on, 

 the taenia again producing eggs, to again cause hydatid 

 disease in some unfortunate mmioant or in man himself. 



As fully twenty- five per cent, of all human victims of echi- 

 noeoccus disease die from its ravages, and as it is a very fatal 

 disease among domestic ruminants, the importance of this par- 

 asite is very great. There are few reliable statistics in regard 

 to its prevalence among dogs, the eestode being of such small 

 size that the most careful observer may miss it even when 

 several are present in the int estines of the dog under dissec- 

 tion. The highest authorities state that this taenia occurs in 

 at least one per cent, of all English and American dogs; in 

 Australia it is quite common, and iu Ireland it is reported as 

 being exceedingly abundant, quite a percentage of the human 

 population and many domestic animals succumbing to echi- 

 noeoccus disease. Hydatids are found in all species of our 

 domestic herbivora, although f ortunately but rarely, and it is 

 therefore evident how easily dogs may become infected by 

 eating raw butcher's offal. 



It is sufficient here to say that hydatid disease in man is not 

 excessively rare in the United States, and is a most daDgerous 

 and intractable affection. Among our domestic herbivora the 

 disease is a most serious cause of loss of condition, and often 

 proves fatal. 



Hydatid cysts may cause death in man or animals by me- 

 chanical pressure on vital organs, or by ulcerating or bursting 

 into the body cavity or into almost any of the organs of the 

 body, even the pericardium or heart membrane may be rup- 

 tured, speedy death from pericarditis usually following. The 

 symptoms caused by the adult form of this parasite in the 

 dog are of the vaguest character; ill health without assign- 

 able cause and without the presence of larger taenia, is sug- 

 gestive of the presence of this tapeworm. An absolute diag- 

 nosis, positive or negative, can only be made by examining 

 the faeces with the microscope for eggs— an obviously trouble- 

 some and generally impracticable procedure. If a dog is 

 known to have had access to butcher's offal, even though no 

 segments of larger taenia can be discovered in the faeces some 

 weeks after, an appropriate anthelmintic is indicated if the 

 animal present disturbances of nutrition and the nervous sys- 

 tem without any other form of disease to account for it. The 

 Tamia echinoeoccus is easily dislodged, and the treatment is 

 to be conducted in precisely the same manner as was pointed 

 out in speaking of the more common forms of canine tape- 

 worms. The importance of disinfecting the faeces and the 

 kennels with boiling carbolized water, or the like, is self-evi- 

 dent when a dog has been found to harbor this eestode. 



Of the very large and interesting class of parasites belong- 

 to the trematoda there are bub two species which ordinarily 

 select the canine race for their bearers. The conjoined fluke 

 (Distoma conjunctum) was first discovered by Cob bold in the 

 fiver ducts of an American red fox, in which situation it had 

 given rise to inflammation and the consequent formation of 

 abscesses. Its average size was about one-f ourth of an inch in 

 length. 



This species has since been found to be common among dogs 

 in India. The dog fluke is clothed with minute spines, which 

 occur abundantly on its outer surface. Although the average 

 length is but one-quarter of an inch, specimens one-half of an 

 inch in length have been found. The eggs are oblong, nar- 

 rowed at the anterior pole and are furnished with a sort of 

 lid to facilitate the escape of the embryo when hatched. Tho 

 conjoined fluke has also been found in man in India and has 

 occasionally been the cause of death, as in a case reported by 

 Professor McConnell. 



The symptoms caused by the presence of this fluke in the 

 bile ducts are those of inflammation of the liver (hejjatitis) — 

 jaundice, high fever, tenderness on pressure over the hepatic 

 region, and at times enlargement of that organ. The syste- 

 mic symptoms may be very profound. The prognosis of 

 both acute and chronic hepatitis in the dog from any cause is 

 very unfavorable, the acute form, whether parasitic or other- 

 wise, usually proving fatal. 



But little if anything can be done for this affection • tonics, 

 stimulants and nourishing food with possibly a mustard plaster 



