814 



FOREST AND STREAM. 



IJttly 22, 1886. 



and it is this great waste which we are trying to save. If we 

 do no more than to mix the eggs and milt together it is a 

 great improvement on nature's methods which only brings an 

 occasional egg within reach of the fecundating fluid. 



Dr. Hudson— I could talk of course on this subject for 

 hours, for this is a matter we have had a great deal to do with 

 iu Connecticut for the last six years. I would simply ado" to 

 what Mr. Booth has said that in Connecticut and on Long 

 Island Sound the time for spawning oysters varies from about 

 the middle of June to the first of September. It is governed 

 entirely by the depth of the water. Where the water is shal- 

 low it "becomes warm more rapidly than where it is deep 

 water. Oysters there grow where it is ten feet deep out to 

 where it is ten fathoms or sixty feet. Mr. Booth has described 

 sufficiently for practical pui-poses the method of cultivation, 

 which is the one universally carried on there, and were it not 

 for the starfish, as he has said, I think the product would be 

 almost unlimited. The only other enemy that we have on 

 Long Island Sound is the drill, which is nothing like as dan- 

 gerous in its effect as the starfish. There is another enemv to 

 the oyster in por tions of New York State — the drumfish, a 

 very powerful fish with powerful jaws, which crushes the 

 oyster and destroys a great many. It is called the drunifish 

 owing to the peculiar sound which it emits, and which can 

 be heard by those who are immediately over it. 



Mb. Bissell — t would like to ask if your Commission have 

 ever attempted to spawn the oyster, of have you simply at- 

 tempted to catch them in the water? 



Dr. Hudson— We have never done that as a general thing. 

 Some of these experiments have been made, and the most in- 

 teresting one in our water was by Lieut. Winslow. wno has 

 been engaged in this business. He came to Connecticut some 

 four or five years ago aud he had a can invented, and he could 

 drop this can to the bottom of the Sound, and then when it 

 reached the bottom by a peculiar contrivance he could pull 

 out the bottom, so that whatever was inside was let loose. 

 Just previous to that he had taken oysters in the same manner 

 which Mr. Mather has described and had hatched out a very 

 large number. You gentlemen may be all aware, probably, 

 that the great difficulty up to a very recent time has been to 

 induce these yoang oysters to live beyond three days. There 

 has been no difficulty about hatching out oj'sters and in keep- 

 ing them alive through what is called the free swimming 

 stage, which is about three days. At the end of that time it 

 is their nature to attach themselves to somethiug and they 

 have invariably, up to a very recent period, died when they 

 reached that stage. Some recent experiments have been made 

 by which they have succeeded in carrying them beyond that. 

 Prof. Bice, whom some of us have met, told me he had sue- 

 cee ded in carrying some of them three or four weeks. 



Mr. Mather — Yes.in a small aquarium, but they finally died. 



Dr. Hudson — The experiment that was tried in Connecticut 

 was to take these young oysters during this free swimming 

 stage, put them down on good bottom on Long Island Sound 

 and there release them. The product of that particular 

 locality was remarkaOly good afterward, but the general set 

 of the Sound was so great that it was very difficult to appre- 

 ciate ju^t how much the set was increased by this peculiar 

 process. As Mr. Booth has said, the system that was adopted 

 in Connecticut of distributing clean sheik has been attended 

 with great success. Some large dealers distributed as many 

 as three thousand bushels during the season of shells, and the 

 young spat cling to the "culch," as it is called, in immense 

 quantities, such quantities that in very many instances they 

 have to be culled out and removed to other localities for fear 

 that they will smother each other, and as I said bpfore, were 

 it not for the enemies, the amount of oysters which might be 

 produce 1 ) would actually be almost unlimited. 



Mr Fairbank— When are they destroyed by starfish? 



Dr. Hudson— (Generally when they are very young. The 

 starfish is a very peculiar animal. They have, a faculty of 

 extruding the stomach and covering the entire oyster or other 

 modusk. They surround a little oyster, perhaps the size of a 

 half dollar, more or less. The starfish puts its fingers round 

 this oyster aud it is supposed by some, smothers it, so that it 

 has to opeu its shell; by others it is supposed that the star 

 emits a peculiar acid which obliges the oyster to open its shell, 

 and then the star protrudes one of its fingers into the shell and 

 devours the stomach of the oyster. 



SALMON IN THE TOBIQUE.- Mr. Edward Jack, of Fred- 

 ericton, N. B., writes to the Globe of that city: "In a late issue 

 of the Globe an anonymous correspondent makes some re- 

 marks with regard to the occurrence of Cali' ornia salmon in 

 New Brunswick. In relation to this matter I may mention 

 that some statements respecting their having been taken in 

 the upper St. John appearing in one. of the Boston newspapers 

 and having met the eye of the United States Fish Commis- 

 sioner, he wrote to me for information on the subject, giving 

 me at the same time notable features by which I would be 

 able to distinguish them from our ordinary salmon. It was 

 late when the letter was received. Mr. W. Guion, of this city, 

 to whom I -went for information, notified me a few days after 

 that Mr. Ben Waugh had caught one not far from Fredeiicton. 

 I unfortunately failed to see it. however, and have heard of no 

 other one having been taken since, although I have offered $10 

 for a specimen to forsvard to the United States Fish Com- 

 missioner. A change seems to have taken place lately in the 

 Tobique salmon, it may be that those introduced from the 

 Restigouche may be taking the place of the St. John River 

 fish. I have ascertained the following facts, which I now 

 communicate, viz. : That at least 15 salmon were taken last 

 summer with the fly in the Tobique by two persons, some- 

 where within twenty miles of the mouth of the river, a cir- 

 cumstance which is said to have never occurred before. The 

 first salmon iu the Tobique made their appearance there 

 last year about the first of June; they were said to have 

 differed from any that had beeu seen there at any time 

 previously, being long and slim, and weighing six or seven 

 pounds each, being nothing more than large grilse. The com- 

 mon Tobique grilse usually runs from three to five pounds. 

 St. John River salmon of the length of these l .rge grilse, an 

 informant said, would weigh fifteen pounds, lhe appearance 

 and size of the June run of fish attracted the attention of the 

 people living on the Tobique, as well as the fact that more 

 salmon fiy weie seen in that river last season than for years 

 **efore." ' 



L.OOK OUT FOR HIM —New York, July 16.— Editor Forest 

 and btream: There seems to be a party traveling through the 

 Eastern States whopiesents letters of int> oduction from me, 

 claiming in some instances to be chairman of the Fish and 

 Slanie Committee of the Legislature, and on the strength of 

 „hese letters, which are forgeries, he applies for a loan of 

 money, and has been successful in obtaining it in some in- 

 stances. He called on Mr. E. A. Brackett, at Winchester, 

 Mass., representing himself as Mr. T. Royal Roosevelt. After 

 that he called on Mr. Rocige, the Commissioner of Fisheries of 

 New Hampshire, and presented a letter purporting to be 

 signed by me, introducing him as Mr. R. B. Roosevelt. 1 write 

 this to you in order that you may, if you think proper, pub- 

 lish it as a warning to all parties that this party is a fraud and 

 a scoundrel, as I have given out no letters of introduction to 

 any parties traveling on business of the Fish Commission.— E. 

 G-. Blackford. 



A HIGH FISH WAY— Inspector Rogers inform us that 

 both shad and alewives have successfully passed through his 

 fish ways over the falls at Magaguadavic River at St. George, 

 N. B. It will lie remembered that he built his patent fishway 

 there last fall, and tor the first tmie in the histoi y of the world 

 fish have been successfully passed over a fall of sixty-eight 

 feet in height, and the most of it perpendicular.— Halifax 

 Herald. 



FIXTURES. 



FIELD TRIALS. 



Sept. 21 -Field Trials of the Manitoba Field Trials Club. Charles 

 A. Boxer, Secretary. Box a82, Winnipeg. 



Nov. 8.— Second Annual Field Trials of the Western Field Trials 

 Association, at Abilene, Kan. R. C. Van Horn, Secretary, Kansas 

 City, Mo. 



Nov. 8 —Third Annual Field Trials of the Fisher's Island Club, 

 Fisher's Island, N. Y. Max Wenzel, Secretary. Hoboken. N J. 



Nov. 22.— Eighth annual field trials of the Eastern Field Trials Club, 

 at High Point, N. C. W. A. Coster, Secretary, Flatbush, Kings 

 county. N. Y 



Dec'. 6. Eighth Annual Field Trials of the National Field Trials 

 Club, at Grand Junction, Tenn. 



DOG SHOWS. 



July 20, 21, 22 and 23.— Milwaukee Dog Show. John D. Olcott, Man- 

 ager, Milwaukee, Wis. 



July 27 to 31 —Dog Show of the California Bench Show and Field 

 Trials Olub E. Leavesly, Superintendent, 436 Montgomery street, 

 San Francisco, Oal. 



Aug. 24, 2.5, 20 and 27.— First Annual Dog Show of the Latonia 

 Agricultural a ssocia' ion. Covington, Ky. George H. Hill. Manager, 

 P. O Box 76 Cincinnati, O. 



Sept, 1 and 2.— First show of the American Fox Terrier Club, at 

 Newport R I. For fox-terriers exclusively. Edward Kelly, Secre- 

 tary, 46 Exchange Place, New York. 



Sept. H. 9 and 10. Hornellsville, N. Y.. Dog Show, Farmers' Club 

 Fair. J. O. Fellows, Superintendent, Hornellsville. 



Sept. 14, 15. 16 and 17.— First fall dog show of the New Jerspy Ken- 

 nel Club, Waverly, N. J. A. P. Vredenburg, secretary, Bergen Point , 



A. K. R. -SPECIAL NOTICE. 



THE AMERICAN KENNEL REGISTER, for the registration of 

 pedigrees, etc. (with prize lists of all shows and trials), is pub 

 i8hed every month Entries close on the 1st. Should be in early 

 Entry blanks sent on receipt ot stamped and addressed envelope. 

 Registration fee (50 centsi must accompany each entry. No entries 

 inserted unless paid in advance. Yearlv subscription $1.50. Address 

 "American Kennel Register." P. O. Bo.» 2832, New York. Number 

 of entries already printed 3893. 



PARASITIC DISEASES OF DOGS.-IV. 



THE entozoa of the dog having now been described, the 

 lesions produced by them noted, and the proper treat- 

 ment for such parasitic diseases discussed, the next canine 

 parasite which claims our attention is the nasal mite (Pentas- 

 tomum tainioides). The adult mite — this species belonging to 

 the Arachniua— presents the following character: The body 

 is worm like and lancet-shaped, and flattened at the ventral 

 surface. Posteriorly the body is narrowed, and is transversely 

 marked with about 'ninety rings. The cephalo-thoracic seg- 

 ments support four strong retractile claws. The skin is per- 

 forated with numerous respiratory openings (stigmata), these 

 are wanting in the cephalic segment. The head is blunt and 

 is furnished with an oval mouth armed with a horny lip. The 

 adult female measures from three to four inches in length, but 

 the male is only about an inch long. The genital pore ot the 

 female is placed at the extremity of the tail, that of the male 

 in the anteiior part of the abdotnen. 



In the mature state this ugly parasite infests the nasal 

 cavities and even the frontal sinuses of the dog and wolf; more 

 rarely it is found in the horse, sheep and other animals; even 

 mau himself has suffered from the presence of this parasite in 

 his nasal charm ers. 



The mode of reproduction is oviparous, and the nasal 

 mucous of an infected dog contains numerous tick eggs; these 

 eggs are expelled in the act of sneezing, and are so scattered 

 over fruits, vegetables and grass. Should any of these ova 

 be swallowed along with food by any herbivorous animal, they 

 hatch in the stomach and a small embryo emerges. This larva 

 penetrates the intestinal wall and migrates to the liver. 

 Here it becomes encysted in much the same way as do larval 

 tapeworms, grows and goes through vaiious changes of form, 

 until it passes into the stage long known as Pentastomum 

 uenticulatum. This larval form is found mainly in sheep and 

 hares; it has the body armed with many rows of small, shaip 

 spmes, and is also provided with two pairs of double claws. 

 The length is 2% lines After a certain period of time the 

 capsules undergo calcareous degeneration, and the encysted 

 parasite dies if not transferred to a new host. The encysted 

 form has been found not infrequently in man, encysted in 

 one or other of his organs; fortunately the symptoms pro- 

 duced by it are unimportant. In the lower animals the 

 presence of larval ticks seems to cause no special incon- 

 venience to the bearer. 



If the cyst-infested flesh of any animal is eaten by a dog, 

 the larval ticks are liberated and make their way into the 

 nasal cavities or frontal sinuses and there acquire sexual organs, 

 and develop into adult specimens of Pentastomum tcenioides. 

 If individuals of both sexes have been ingested, the nasal mu- 

 cous of the dog now soon contains ripe eggs, which are strewn 

 broadcast by sneezing, to be swallowed with food by some 

 herbivorous animal or by man himself. 



The life history of this parasite is thus shown to very nearly 

 resemble that of the true tapeworms: the two forms, how- 

 ever, bear no relationship w hatever to one another, the Pen- 

 tastomes being true Araeknida— mites, ticks, itch insects, etc., 

 belonging to this class. 



This gigantic tick produces in the dog a formidable train of 

 symptoms, and may even cause the death of the animal. We 

 believe that ozama" or fetid nasal catarrh is an exceedingly 

 rare disease in the dog except when caused by the presence in 

 the nasal fossal, or f i ontal sinuses of Peniasiom.es, at least in 

 the great majority of cases of this disease parasites will be 

 found within the nasal chambers. 



The clinical history of a case of nasal tick parasitism is as 

 follows: There is a more or less constant secretion from one 

 or both sides of the nose of purulent matter, which may be 

 offensive in odor, and which has a strong tendency to accumu- 

 late in dark colored crusts within the nasal cavities. The dog 

 sneezes frequently and violently, and there may be almost 

 complete nasal obstruction, with consequent loss of smell. 

 Hemorrhage f i om the nose is an occasional symptom. The 

 general health is much impaired if the disease has persisted 

 for a long time, and the animal is listless and easily fatigued. 

 The absolute diagnosis is to be made by examination of the 

 nasal discharge with the microscope tor Pentastomum eggs. 

 Some information may always be obtained by examining the 

 dog's nose with a laryngoscope reflector and a nasal dilator; 

 this can only be done by a skillful surgeon, and is oftt-n of but 

 little value. The symptoms are sufficient to establish a diag- 

 nosis in most cases. 



The prognosis of ozeena depends largely on the reparative 

 powers of the system; in all cases it is a very serious affection, 

 and even death may result either from exhaustion or suddenly 

 from the migration of Pentastomes into the larynx, wind-|>ipe 

 or bronchi, so producing suffocation. We regard prolonged 

 fetid nasal catarrh as a marked cause of pulmonary phthisis 

 i» the dog as well as in the human subject. Under treatment 

 parasitic ozama can usually be entirely cured in ^ouug 

 animals. Where profound intra-nasal structural changes have 

 taken place, such as death of bone, ulceration and the forma- 

 tion of polypi, little can be done tor the canine victim, though 

 in all cases skilliul treatment should be tried. 



The treatment of this disease is fairly satisfactory; the indi- 

 cations are, first, to destroy and expel the parasites, and, 

 second, to cure the nasal inflammation they have caused. 

 Perhaps the most valuable local application is Lambert's lis- 

 terine. This should be used in the strength of three fluid 

 drams to one ounce of distilled water. The dog's head should 

 be taken under the left arm. the chin being supported by the 

 left hand, and with a small, hard-rubber syringe about two 



drams of the solution should be carefully and gently, not for- 

 cibly, injected into the nostrils, the muzzle being elevated and 

 the stream being directed toward the eye of that side, so as to 

 make the application to the whole nasal mucous membrane, a 

 very important consideration. This application should be 

 made dady until the purulent character of the discharge is 

 changed to a serous or colorless and watery exudate, when 

 the strength of the listerine should be reduced one-half and 

 the injections made only every second day. until a cure 

 results. Another almost equally valuable injection consists of 

 carbolic acid (crystal), ten grains; glycerine, one fluid dram; 

 distilled water to make one fluid ounce, mix, and use in 

 syringe. This is to be used in the same way as the listerine, 

 and the strength must be gradually decreased as improvement 

 takes place. 



Reckless syringing of a dog's nose without careful attention 

 to the stage of the disease can onlv be productive of great 

 evil, and the greatest care and thoroughness should be exer- 

 cised in conducting the treatment. The following may also 

 be used: Thymol, 1% grams; alcohol, 2 fluid drams; distilled 

 water, to make one fluid ounce; mix, and use as an injection. 

 This is especially valuable in very chronic and offensively 

 smelling cases. It is a powerful application, and should be 

 used with care and judgment, and only after other forms of 

 treatment have failed. Sulphate or iodide of zinc in the 

 strength of two grains to the ounce of water are valuable ap- 

 plications when the discharge has become serous in character; 

 one dram may be injected every other day. the greatest care 

 being used. Internally, chincoha, chloride of ammonia, pos- 

 sibly iron, and certainly cod-liver oil, are of great service, and 

 a generous diet and regular exercise are essential. 



Dead bone requires removal by a skillful surgeon, and nasal 

 polypi can only be treated by ah expert provided with proper 

 instruments. Ulcers require treating with a solution of silver 

 nitrate (100 grains to the ounce of water), but this should only 

 be trusted to a veterinary surgeon of undoubted skill, if ap- 

 plied to comparatively healthy mucous membrane only harm 

 wDl result from its use. 



Of all diseases to which man and beast are heir perhaps 

 none have beeu so ignorant y and insanely maltreated as 

 ozasna, and we wotdd impress most strongly on all readers of 

 these letters the necessity of letting cases alone untd they can 

 be put under intelligent scientific treatment. 



various forms of treatment for ozaeua in the dog have been 

 recommended, none are of especial value and many are alto- 

 gether harmful. The only other remedy calling for mention 

 is the daily insufflation ot a few grains of rinely powered boric 

 acid into the nasal cavities. The treatment here described is 

 equally applicable to the fetid nasal catarrh in the dog when 

 not of parasitic origin, but this disease must not be confoimded 

 with simple acute or sub-acute catarrh, the latter disease gener- 

 ally calling for no local treatment. 



The means by which Pentastome parasitism may be pre- 

 vented has already been suggested : If dogs are allowed to 

 eat no butcher's offal and if hounds are never allowed to 

 "break up" hares in the. Held they cannot acq lire parasitic 

 ozama. IE is evident also how important it is to cure as speed- 

 ily as possible a dog harboring Pentastomum : an infected dog 

 should be isolated, and his yard and kennel kept scrupu ously 

 clean, and if the Pentastomes are expelled entire or can be 

 removed with a forceps (which can so rarely be done, owing 

 to the peculiar formation of the dog's nasal cavities, that we 

 did not speak of this method under treatment), they should be 

 thrown into boiling water and so annihilated. This is a com- 

 mon canine disease in Europe, but foi tunately rather rare in 

 this country: further observations and statistics of its fre- 

 quency of occurrence are much needed. 



The follicle mites {Demodieida j ) it, testing the dog are mere 

 varieties of the species which attack man. The common 

 species (Demodex Jolliculorum var caniyvius) is distinguished 

 bv the following characters: Body elongated, with worm- 

 shaped abdomen; the head is armed with stiletto-shaped jaws 

 and a sucker; there are four pahs of short stamped feet of 

 three joints, but the young mite has only six feet. The length 

 is about 1-100 of an inch. The body is grayish white in color 

 and semi-transparent. The eggs are elliptical. The habitat 

 of these tiny creatures is the sebaceoum follicles; they are gre- 

 gai ious, and as many as thirty of these pai asites have been 

 fouud in a single follicle of the dog. The man-infesting para- 

 site of this species confines itself to the sebaceous follicles of 

 the face, but the canine variety occupies any part of the dog's 

 body. 



By the presence of large numbers of this mite, acne-like 

 pustules are formed; this ib accompanied with shedding of the 

 hair, and the infested dog is said to suffer from follicular 

 mange. When the pustules are veiy numerous, great impair- 

 ment of health and even death may result from the excessive 

 irritation. Tne propagation of this pai asite is quite simple; 

 the eggs are thrown off along with sebaceous matter or with 

 the discharge from the pustules, and adhering to the coats of 

 other dogs, hatch, find their way into the skin follicles, and 

 the symptoms of follicular mange appear. 



As might be pre-supposed from its pathological history, 

 follicular mange is an actively contagious disease, but filthy 

 kennels, bad food, and general neglect, certainly pre-dispose 

 dogs to acquiring follicle mites. 



The symptoms of this dis* ase are highly characteristic, the 

 follicles of the skin undergo inflammation and the n ighbor- 

 ing skin becomes red and tumefied. The hair falls out and the 

 exudation in the follicles becomes purulent, pustules resulting. 

 The pustules soon break, discharge their contents, aud run 

 together, unsightly scabs are fonned. These are hard in 

 character and crack open and bleed frequently. The disease 

 extends, and the unfortunate animal soon becomes a hideous 

 object, exhaling a most offenside odor. The disease is accom- 

 panied by some itching, and often by severe pain. Nutrition 

 is greatly disturbed if the disease i-> allowed to continue, aud 

 the health of the animal fails. The itchmg in this affection is 

 much less severe than in sarcoptic mange, and the odor and 

 peculiar appearance of the irruption are diagnostic. An ab- 

 solute diagnosis may be made by examining the contents of a 

 diseased follicle under the microscope, when the Demodex will 

 be found. 



Follicular mange is entirely curable under proper treatment, 

 but this must be continued for a number ot months to insure 

 a cure. The animal should be first well washed with carbolic 

 soap, and the hair then clipped from all around the seat of the 

 irruption. If crusts have formed, these must be removed by 

 soaking them witu lard or olive oil, and afterward washing 

 them away with soap and water. They will generally loosen 

 in about a day if the oil be liberally applied. Ihe sfcin is now 

 prepared for local medication. 



One of the most valuable applications in follicular mange is 

 pure carbolic acid. This should be used in the sti ength of 

 half a fluid ounce to the pint of pure water, and the dog must 

 be thoroughly mopptid with this lotion twice a day. Ba sam 

 of Peru in the strength of one part to six of alcohol is also 

 very efficacious. In stubborn cases of the disease the follicles 

 may be pencilled with a brush with the following, as advised 

 by ''Ashmont:" Garb . lie acid, Canada balsam, of each one 

 part, mix. In using this preparation it must be remembered 

 that carbolic acid is readily absorbed by the skin and is very 

 poisonous; it should therefore be used with great care, aud 

 not painted over the skin generally, but apphed only to the 

 diseased follicles. If an ointment is preierred, one composed 

 of one dram of creosote to three ounces of lard or vaseline, 

 is a very valuable application, it is to be well rubbed into 

 the skin. , 



We believe that in many stubborn cases great good can be 

 done by injecting the most diseased follicles by means of a 

 hypodermic syringe, with the half-ounce-to-the-pint solution 

 of carbolic acid. Only a few drops of the solution should be 

 used in each pustule. . 



The application of the carbohzed solution m water should ba 



