28 



FOREST AND STREAM. 



[Am. 5, 1886, 



River, lying m tlje extreme northern portion of the Lower 

 Peninsula, are well stocked with grayling. This stream 

 flows in a soiitlierly course, which is contrary to the direc- 

 tion of most of the streams in that portion of the State, dis- 

 charging its waters into 13urt Lake, one of the larger lakes 

 of the "inland Chain,'' which extends from Chehoygan to 

 Petoskey, and is famous for its haas and pike fishing. To 

 carry the argument to i bs seemingly jxist conclusion, it might 

 be inferred with reason that the trout would he shy of enter- 

 ing upon waters in the possession of these voracious and 

 predatory fish, and the probabilities are very strongly in 

 lavor of the theory that if they did enter upon such texritory 

 and lie do\TO peaceably together, it would be that peaceful 

 cruietness of the trout lying do-vvn inside the bass or pike. 

 On the other hand, the Maple is a s\nft, brawling, grayling 

 stream ; its waters are cold, a peculiarity of all grayling 

 streams, offering no inducement to the bass or pike to' take 

 up their abode within its borders, and the consequence is 

 that the grayling remain in full possession, having the ad- 

 Tantage of the watchfulness of vigilant sentinels standing 

 guard at the month of the Tiver to"^ prevent the entrance of 

 the trout. The other streams I have mentioned discharge 

 their waters either directly into the Great Lakes or into 

 tribiitary waters which are not infested with bass or pike. 



Upon the formation of the Michigan Fish Commission the 

 merits of the grayling were recognized, and the fact that it 

 was a fish peculiar to Michigan, appealed stronglv to the 

 Board to investigate its possibilities of artificial propagation. 

 Lack of funds and the knowledge that the commercial fish 

 of the State demanded its first attention compelled the Board 

 to postpone attempts to solve this question. Not until the 

 year 1877 was an attempt made to exfteriment in this direc- 

 tion and test the possibilities of success. In the .spring of 

 that year a camp wa.s established upon the headwaters of 

 the Manistee and an effort was made to secure a stock of 

 eggs, to be transported from the camp to the hatching sta- 

 tion. Owing to the lateness of the season, the spa>vnine 

 period having passed, this attempt failed of any result, ana 

 the expedition returned with no further light. This party 

 reached the Manistee April 14. The following year an ear- 

 lier start was made, the force arriving at Manistee March 30, 

 but again found themselves too late, the fish ha-sang again 

 passed the spawning period. A few fish were obtained which 

 yielded a very small quantity of eggs and milt, but the eggs 

 were imperfectly impregnated, the fry produced died early, 

 and in the language of the superintendent, ' 'much lamented. ' ' 

 Before leaving the stream, however, it was decided to pro- 

 cure as many adult fish as posisible, convey them to the sta- 

 tion and make the attempt to handle the fish hi the succeed- 

 ing year when the proper period should arrive. A number 

 of fish were procured, but for unexplained causes no success 

 ■was obtained. Adult fish have been obtained at three dif- 

 ferent times with the same object in view, but up to this 

 time witli no satisfactory results. The ditficulties surround- 

 ing the taking of the grayling- dui'ing the spawning period 

 are very great. The fish spawn"in about February and March, 

 perhaps even earlier. Tlie rivers in which they abound are 

 remote from civilization, the roads almost impassable and 

 the streams filled with logs and ice, rendering it exceedingly 

 difficult to procure the necessai-y fish. Experience has proven 

 very clearly that the grayling will not stand domestication 

 or confinement in ponds in which trout may be successfully 

 carried. Two years ago a number of adult grayling were 

 procured by the Michigan Commission and placed in the 

 trout ponds of Paris. Out of the number not a single fish 

 has ever .spawoied or showed the slightest inclination to do 

 so. They have gradually died, and there are now but a very 

 few remaining. The same care and attention has been given 

 to grayling in these ponds that is ordinarilv given to trout, 



About the year 1878 Mr. Ira Metcalf, of Battle Creek, 

 Mich., made some attempts at artificial propagation of the 

 grayling, and claims to have been successful in raising a 

 small amount of frv. 



As an instfance illustrating the prolific character of the 

 grayling, Mr. George H. Jerome, formerly superintendent of 

 the Commission, states in his report that "in transporting the 

 first grayling taken to the station from the Manistee, it was 

 observed by the men having charge of the fi.sh while in 

 transitu that there was a fully ripe spawner in one of the 

 cans; that she was removed and the eggs taken, but there 

 being no milter witii which to fertilize the ova, they were 

 lost; that the eggs after being taken were counted by two 

 reliable persons, and there were found to be 8,555 fully devel- 

 oped perfect eg^s. The fish after being stripped weighed 

 exac;tly 9oz, Tliis shows beyond question that the grayling 

 is much more proUfic than the trout, and under favorable 

 circumstances good results should certainly be obtained. 



The Michigan Commission has within the last year ac- 

 quired the ownership of a fine spring stream upon property 

 adjoining its trout station, to wliich the grayling had been 

 natural, one or two having been taken in the stream within 

 a year. This ijroperty affords opportunity for extended experi- 

 ments looking to the solution of the question of whether the 

 grayling maj'^e successf ullj' propagated. Arrangements are 

 now being made to secure an ample supply of stock fish, 

 which will be held in this stream in such a manner that the 

 confinement will be felt as little as possible consistent with 

 control. As far as possible the natural conditions of the 

 stream will be preserved; pool and shallow, light and shade. 

 At the same time care will be taken to alford an opportunity 

 for experiments Avhich may from time to time suggest them- 

 selves, based on present knowledge and such information as 

 may be obtained bv a careful observation of their habits. 

 The exi^eriments will extend over a sufficient period of time 

 and be followed up by eaniest endeavor, until it shall be 

 definitely determined whether successful propagation of the 

 grayling can be carried out. 



Detkoit, Mich. 



Mr. Mat— I notice that Mr. Whitaker credits Mr. Met- 

 calf with hatching grayling in 1878, I have seen in Prof. 

 Goode's "Epochs in Fishculture " that Fred Mather 

 hatched the first grayling in 1874, just four years previous to 

 Mr, Metcalf, 



Mr, Clark— I think the grayling is the easiest fish to 

 propagate and handle of any fish we had anj-thing to do 

 with, after we get the fish. Mr, Whitaker doesn't say this 

 in his paper, but I will say that if a person can get the fish 

 on the stream they can get five hundred thousand fish, which 

 they can handle for one quarter of the cost of brook trout. 



Mr. FairbAnk— How long are they in hatching ? 



Mr. Clark— From seventeen to twenty-five days. They 

 are easy to handle. The fish are easy to take care of after 

 they are hatched, and you can grow a greater per cent, of 

 them than you can of trout. 



A Meiviber — Don't they require much cooler water ? 



Mr. Clark— I think you can put trout in a natural stream 

 of warmer water than you can the grayling. I haven't tried 

 the experiments on that. I got about twenty-five thousand 

 eggs last spring from six or eight fish. A fish that weighed 

 one and a quarter pounds we took five thousand two hun- 

 dred eggs from. AH we had to do was to get the fish, and 

 you give me a thousand graylings and if I don't take you 

 over a million eggs I will miss my guess. 



Mr, FAIRBANK : It is difficult to get the fish at that season 

 of the year. 



Mr. Clark— It is diflicult to get them, because the streams 

 are fished out. The streams are not high, not at that time. 

 You want to be on the ground on the first of March, and you 

 may not get any eggs until the 15th of April. I am speaking 

 of hatching in seventeen to twenty-five days, that is, in water 

 that is fifty to fifty -eight degrees. 



Mr. Faikbamk — The water in thjQse streams would be 

 cooler at tliat time. 



Me. Clark— Yes, the water is cooler, and I think that the 



driving of logs is cleaning the grayling streams out of those 

 fish in the State of Michigan. I think it is more from that 

 cause than it is from any other, either fish or fisherman. 



Mr. Tomlin — Even granting what Mr. Clark says, not- 

 withstanding the survival of the fittest, the grayling is being 

 extinguished. In my mind there is no question about it. 

 You take Sweden, Norway, Japan, Germany, Italy, France 

 and England and you -will find the trout and grayling side 

 by side. You put the trout into any stream where the gray- 

 ling is and in a little while the trout will clean them out. I 

 have fished the streams that Mr, Whitaker has spoken of in 

 his paper. Years ago I fished the Jordan, Pine Elver, the 

 Pigeon, and the Sturgeon, and later years the Muskegon 

 River. When I first went to the Jordan, way back in I860, 

 there used to be a considerable number of grayling, I 

 got to paying frequent visits to Michigan, and T love 

 it as much as my own State for its beauty, I found 

 out that the history of the trout was a far more recent 

 one than I had supposed. I had always imagined that 

 trout was to be found in certain streams. There was an 

 old man on the Jordan, long enough before Pine River was 

 cleared out, who well remembers the coming in of the trout. 

 He says when he first Avent there to fish — he was an old 

 Methodist itinerant preacher I think — he used to catch one 

 trout perhaps to ten graylings; in five years from that time 

 they were equal. Well now, we know from the struc- 

 tural appearance of the fish, that the grayling doesn't stand 

 the shadow of a chance beside onr trout. You take for 

 instance a body of water and put in trout and small black 

 bass, and the trout mil clean the bass out. They mil chew 

 him up, eat his tail and fins oil, and by and by there isn't a 

 bass there at all. This is the way the American trout are 

 cleaning out our grayling. So far as the two fish are con- 

 cerned, I say if we can't have but one, let ua have the 

 trout. I have fished for them both carefully, I have waded 

 up to my waist when I have been so blinded with mosquito 

 and fly bites that I have scarcely been able to see, yet I have 

 kept on fishi ng, and my conscience never accused me of having 

 caught them m large numters. 1 don't think I ever caught 

 over twenty at a time. Mr. Whitaker doesn't make any 

 difference in his paper about the appearance of the grayling. 

 You take the grayling found in the Sturgeon and Pigeon, 

 and flowing through into the Cheboygan, you will find them 

 very different in appearance from those on the west side of 

 Michigan. You take tiie grayling found in Pine River flow- 

 ing to the Manistee, and the Manistee itself, and compai-e 

 them with rivers flowing into Lake Huron, and the western 

 graylingare by far the smallest. The eastern trout, those in 

 Pigeon River and Sturgeon River, sometimes weigh three 

 liounds, whereas on the other side we have never got them 

 weighing more than a pound and a lialf. 



Mr. Mather — Trout and grayling have lived together in 

 the streams of England and Germany for centuries. The 

 trout were tlie brown trout, however, ,S. fariu, and not our 

 American trout or charr, S. fontinaUs, lint I cannot think 

 the latter more predaceous than the former. Nor do I under- 

 stand why certain gxayling streams of Michigan were desti- 

 tute of trout and were fmi of grayling, because the lakes 

 into which these streams empty contain trout which go into 

 neighboring brooks. If any one can account for this we 

 would like to hear him. If there are no further remarks, 

 however, it might be well for ns t-o adjourn. 



On motion, duly seconded, the Convention here adjourned 

 to attend the Citrus Fair at Battery D Armory, to meet 

 again at three o'clock P. M. 



AMrem aU aommunlmtiO'ns to th» Forest and Stream Fub, Cu. 



FIXTU R ES. 



DOG SHOWS. 



July 27 to 31.— Dog Show of the California Bench Show and Field 

 Trials Clnh, E. Leavesley, Supt,, 4-36 Montgomery sti-eet, San 

 Francisco. 



Aug. 24 to 27,— First Annual Dog Show of the Latonia Agricul- 

 tnral Association, Covington, Ky, Geo, H. Hill, Manager, P. 0. 

 Box 70, Cincinnati, O. 



Sept. 1 and 2.— First Show of the American Fox-Terrier Club, at 

 Newport, R. I. For fox-terriers exclusively. Edward Kelly, Sec- 

 retary, 45 Exchange place, New York. 



Sept, 7 to 10.— First Annual Dog Show of the Tri-State Fan- Aeso- 

 ciation. Cb as. Reed, Secretary, Toledo, 0. Entries close Sept. 1. 



Sept. 8 to 10.— Hoinellsville, N. Y., Dog Show, Farmei-s' Club 

 Fair. J, O. Fellows, Supoiintendent, Horuellaville. 



Sept. 14 to 17.— Fh-st Fall Dog Show of the New Jersey Kennel 

 Club, Waverley. A. P. Vredenhurg, Secretary, Bergen Point, N. J. 



FIELD TRLM^S. 



Sept. 21.~Field Trials of the Manitoba Field Trials Clnh. Chas. 

 A. Boxer, Secretary, Box 282, Winnipeg. 



Nov. 8.— Second Annual Field Trials of the Western Field Trials 

 Association, at Abilene, Kan. R. C, Tan Horn, Secretary, Kansas 

 City, Mo. 



Nov. 8.— Third Annual Field Trials of the Fi.sher'8 Island Club, at 

 Fisher's Island, N. Y. Max Wenzel, Secretary, Hoboken, N. J. 



Nov. 22.— Eighth Annual Field Trials of the Eastern Field Trials 

 C!lub, at High Point, N. O. W. A. Coster, Secretary, Flatbush, 

 Kings county, N. Y. 



Dec. e.— Eighth Annual Field Trials of the National Field Trials 

 Club, at Grand Junction, Tenn. 



A. K. R.-SPECIAL NOTICE. 



npHE AMERICAN KENNEL REGISTER, for the registration 

 of pedigrees, etc. (with prize lists of all shows and trials), is 

 pubUshed every month. Entries close on the 1st. Should be isx 

 early. Entry blanks sent on receipt of stamped and addressed 

 envelope. Registration fee (50 cents) must accompany each entry. 

 No entries inserted unless paid iu advance. Yearly subscription 

 $1.50. Address "American Kennel Register," P. O. Box 2833, New 

 York. Number of entries already printed 3893. 



THE HORNELLSVILLE DOG SHOW. 



'"pHE premium list of the first show of the Homell Kennel 

 i Club provides champion classes for English setters, Iri.sh 

 setters, pointers, field spaniels, cocker spaniels, beagles, 

 mastiffs, rough-coated St. Bernards, smooth-coated St. Ber- 

 nards, collies, fox-terriers and pugs. The prize in each class 

 is $15 ; where there are four entries in a champion class it 

 will be divided by sex if possible, or a second prize of $5 will 

 be given. In the open classes the prizes w-ill be SIO and §5, 

 There are no puppy classes. Kennel prizes of $20 each for 

 the best kennel or four are offered for English setters, Irish 

 setters, pointers, spaniels, mastiffs, St. Bernards, collies and 

 fox-teiTiers. The same prize will also be given to the best 

 four of any other breed. A special prize of §100 is offered for 

 the largest and best exhibit of dogs from any one village or 

 city, Hornellsville excepted. The prize will be divided— $75 

 to first, and §25 to second. Prizes m the miscellaneous class 

 are $12, $8 and $3, The show will lie held in conjunction 

 with, the Hornellsville Farmers' Club Exposition at Hornells- 

 ville, Sept, 8, 9 and 10. The entries close Sept, 1. The 

 judges appointed are Mr. John Davidson, Monroe, Mich., 

 setters and pointers ; Mr. A. C. Krueger, Wrightsville, Pa., 

 foxhounds and beagles; Mr. J. H. Naylor the remaining 

 classes. The secretary is Mi*. Chas. W. Robinson, Hornells- 

 ville, N. Y. 



PARASITIC DISEASES OF DOOS.-V. 



WE have already found that the follicle mite of the dog 

 belongs to the same species as the human parasite 

 living in the sebaceous follicles, and the common canine 

 mange mite {Sarcoptes scalnet) is also at most a mere variety 

 of the human itch-insect. The mange mite may be known by 

 the following description: body circular and obtuse pos- 

 teriorly, soft, shining, and slightly transparent; the color is 

 whitish. There are eight legs which are short and comical 

 iu shape, distinctly jointed and provided with hair-like 

 processes. A few similar processes are to be found scat- 

 tered over the body, and there are homy appendages on 

 the dorsal surface. The mouth is provided vnth a pair of 

 strong hooked mandibles, maxillaa, a labium, and a lancot- 

 .shaped tongue. There is an intestinal canal; respiration 

 is accomplished through the skin; and well developed male 

 and female sexual organs occur in separate individuals. 

 The male is smaller, more oblong, flatter, and of a darker 

 color than the female, it is also the more active of the two 

 sexes. The genital aperture is near the middle of the body. 

 The females exceed the males in number, in the proportion 

 of ten to one. The genital pore of the female is situated near 

 the sternal plates on the ventral surface of the body. This 

 species is oviparous, and the female lays but one egg at a 

 time; the young mites are active and have but six legs. The 

 itch insect is just visible to the naked eye; the longest diam- 

 eter of the female is about 0.33mm. Varieties of this para- 

 site occur on the wolf and fox. 



If an impregnated female itch mite be deposited in any 

 manner on the skin of a man or dog, it pierces with its man- 

 dibles the superficial layers of epidermis and passes into the 

 deeper layers of the skin, cutting a tunnel as it goes. At 

 intervals it lays a single egg, which obliterates the furrow. 

 In this way from forty to fifty eggs are deposited, and tho 

 female then dies. While engaged in feedmg and boring 

 through the skin the Sarcoptes secretes an irritant poison, 

 which causes intolerable itching to the unfortunate host. 

 At the end of about fourteen days the young hatch and 

 break through the Avail of the tunnel and appear on the sur- 

 face of the skin. The young mites now quickly buiTow into 

 the skin and cause itching, and the fierce scratching to wliich 

 the infe.sted animal is driven in hopes of relieving itself of 

 tlie irritation is causative of many oi the skin lesions which 

 now soon appear. In the dog, around the furrows first form 

 small pimples, which soon change to vesicles and pustules, 

 which may exude bloody matter; this dries into the dark 

 crusts which are nearly always found in this disease. The 

 scratching of the animal soon tears open and destroys this 

 eruption, and this new irritation causes a severe form of dif- 

 fuse eczema, which is in turn accompanied by intense itch- 

 ing, and so the vicious circle spreads. The irritation is thus 

 found to be due to two distinct causes; that caused directly 

 by the acari, and that due to the violent scractching to 

 which the dog resorts to relieve itself from them. 



The diagnosis of this disease depends first on the form of 

 the iiTuption; pointed vesicles separate from each other are 

 characteristic of this disease, and even when the original 

 eruption has been destroyed new crops of vesicles will appear 

 on previou.sly sound skin as the parasites keep on burrow- 

 ing. An accurate diagnosis is to be made by finding itch in- 

 sects on tho coat, or by digging them out of their furrows 

 with a needle; they are easily identified by a good pocket 

 magnifying glass, and they may be confined m a drop of 

 glycerine on a glass slide for examination. Of course, this 

 disease is actively contagious on contact from dog to dog and 

 from dog to man. An infested animal should at once be iso- 

 lated until cured, and care should be exercised not to get tho 

 acari on the hands while treating the animal. If a number 

 of dogs in a kennel suffer at the same time from "mange," 

 the diagnosis of sarcoptic mange is usually coiTect, 



The ti'eatment of this form of mange is quite satisfactory 

 if carried out with care and skill. As "Ashmont" points 

 out, uncleanliness is a marked predisposing influence to this 

 disease, and this should never be lost sight of in conducting 

 the treatment. When a dog is discovered to have this dis- 

 ease the first thing to be done is to thoroughly disinfect the 

 kennel; the bedding should be burned, and every crevice and 

 comer must be cleaned with a strong solution of carbolic 

 acid in boiling water. This cleansing process should be fre- 

 quently repeated until the animal is cured. 



As to local remedies sulphur stands at the head of the list 

 for general usefulness; it should be applied in the form of an 

 ointment after having well washed the dog vnth soap and 

 water. The following la a valuable foi-mula: Carbonate of 

 tassiura, one dram; flowers of sulphm-, three drams; glyeer- 

 ine or lard, one ounce; mix, and use externally. The balsam 

 of Pei-u may be used with great benefit, according to the 

 following prescription: Washed sulphur and balsam of Pern 

 of each lialf an ounce; lard, two ounces; mix, and use extern- 

 ally, this is Ashmont's formula and a most valuable one. 

 Napthoi has been used with great benefit, but is not equal to 

 either of the above. Whichever of these ointments be used 

 it should be well rubbed iu over the en tire body of the dog 

 once daily for two days and then washed off with soap and 

 water. If necessary a second series of applications must be 

 made. In the case of house pets, where an ointment is ob- 

 jectionable, a saturated solution of washed sulphur in ether 

 and alcohol (of each one part) vs-ell rubbed into the skin an- 

 swers admirably. The eczema which may persist after the 

 destruction of all parasites calls for the treatment proper for 

 that disease— application of oxide of zinc ointment, or of 

 powdered oxide of zinc and starch, of each equal parts, by 

 weight, will be found most useful. If there is mucli itching 

 five grains of sulphate of morphia may be added to the ounce 

 of ointment, this must not be applied so freely that the dog 

 may by licking it off get poisGued, it may be necessary to 

 closely muffizle the animal Avitha snug fitting leather muzzle 

 to insure perfect safety. 



Although sarcoptic mange is purely a local disease it 

 speedily impairs the general health, and the canine patient 

 will requit-e extra care for a week or two after the cure of the 

 disease. 



Yarious species of tick occasionally attack the dog, es- 

 pecially in tropical countries, producing irritation and oc- 

 casionally uglv sores; the species are too various and of too 

 little practical importance to be d6.scribed here. As to trea^ 

 ment, in short-haired dogs the parasites can often be found 

 and extracted, if this be impossible the application of car- 

 bolized oil (H dram carbolic acid crystals to loz. of pure oliv© 

 oil) may be rubbed in over the individual swellings which 

 locate the seat of the parasite of the thick parasites. 



Passing on to the insect tormentors of the dog the common 

 dog louse (Trichodectes lutat;} first claims our attention. 

 This species has been already mentioned when treating^ of 

 intestinal worms as being of considerable pathological im- 

 portance as the intermediate host of an interesting species of 

 tapeworm; we will now consider the life history of theinsect. 

 The Trichodectes belongs to the Mallophaqa or bird lice, an 

 exceeding numerous class^ almost every bird and mammal 

 harboring a more or less distinct species. In the Tr ichodectea 

 the bodyis fiattened and hard above, the head is provided 

 Avith disti net jaAvs, the Hmhs are short and thick, the antennaa 

 are three-jointed, and the tarsi are provided each Avlth a 

 single claAA% the female has two hooks on the penultimate 

 ring of the abdomen. In their reproduction there are no 

 especial phenomena, the species being oviparous, the egg 

 hatching on the body of the host. This insect lives on the 

 blood of the dog, securely housed in the coat. It is found 

 especially on young puppies, where its presence in numbers 

 may acribuslv injure the health of the animal. They are 

 very tenacious of life, and very difficult to finally dislodge, 

 as they wander into the bedding and every nook and corner 

 of the'kenncl. „ 



The irritation caused by this parasite is not usually very 



