280 Researches in the Theory and Calculus of Operations. 



19. A comparison of electrical with chemical analysis 

 leads to the conclusion that the so-termed atom of the latter 

 analysis is the semiatom of the former, both really dealing 

 with semiatomic forces. In the chemical example (iig. 19), 

 the oxygen (the negative element) of the first atom of the 

 water combines with the first atom of the positive element 

 zinc Al. Then, 1° through the liquid, the liberated hydrogen 

 of the first atom combines with the oxygen of the second ; 

 the hydrogen of which, in its turn, combines with the oxygen 

 of the third atom, and so on till arriving at the last atom on 

 the line AA', the liberated hydrogen (a positive element) 

 of which cannot combine with the positive element copper 

 A'V\ but as copper is a conductor, this liberated hydrogen 

 semiatomic force combines with a semiatomic force of the 

 copper and passes on, attracting oxygen at the positive 

 electrode when the battery is of sufficient power. 2° At the 

 origin, as all of the combinations are formed between posi- 

 tive and negative semiatoms, the negative semiatom of 

 oxygen combines with the adjacent positive semiatom of 

 zinc, liberating an equal opposing semiatomic force of zinc, 

 which in its turn acts upon the next atom in the manner 

 already abundantly explained, and transmission of alter- 

 nated semiatomic force proceeds onward to the negative 

 electrode, where it attracts hydrogen. 



20. Three pieces, the exciter, the receiver, and the con- 

 ductor, are requisite for the diremption.of atomic force, and 

 collection of the same : when all the three pieces are solid, 

 we have the electric machine, and diremption of atomic 

 force without decomposition of substance; when one is 

 liquid, as in the galvanic battery or voltaic pile, both phe- 

 nomena are obtained. 



In each cell of the battery A (fig. 20), the dark and light 

 strips respectively represent the zinc and copper elements. 

 The positive force proceeds from the zinc of 1 to the copper, 

 from the copper of 1 to the zinc of 2, from the zinc of 2 to 



