Researches in the Theory and Calculus of Operations. 323 



in raising the temperature from 32° to 212° F., at which 

 latter point the formation of steam efficiently begins. After 

 this instant of time in the process, each successive incre- 

 ment of heat instantaneously generates its equivalent of 

 steam, and the temperature of the water rises no higher 

 than 212° (fig. 7). When the steam is applied to move its 

 incumbent load, it must, in a first instant of time, over- 

 come a resistance which is measured by a radius propor- 

 tional to the weight of the load, and directed towards the 

 mover : this accomplished, the opposing radius starts the 

 load ; and all that is subsequently wanted, is merely a suf- 

 ficient continuous application of moving force to overcome 

 the friction of the machinery and track. The fire which 

 generated the steam is a force of the third degree ; the 

 steam which generates the movement of the load, is a force, 

 of the second degree; the movement itself is of the first 

 degree. 



An organical body is a being composed of different 

 members (generally matched in pairs), differing in func- 

 tion, but all contributing to a concordant operation, and 

 therefore coordinated under one controlling dominant force. 

 Each of these members (or pair of members) constitutes a 

 separate system, entangled with the other systems, all 

 subordinated to the head governing system. Each subordi- 

 nate system possesses its own peculiar constituents of solid 

 and fluid substance (like as the plant), its reservoirs of 

 force, and also a common element (nervous substance) hold- 

 ing communication with the associated subordinate sys- 

 tems and with the supreme directorship. 



40. In reviewing the successive steps of transition from 

 the production of simple motion, to the present complicated 

 predicament of our affairs, we recall the first form of ope- 

 ration as consisting in the application of a single force to a 

 body placed in a movable condition, which has served as 

 the unique type of all the more complex operatious subse- 



