21 



this border and towards its outer edge are six lunular spots, the upper and lower ones 

 reddish, the others yellow above ; and about these spots, and especially towards the 

 inner angle of the wing, the black bordering is thickly powdered with blue scales ; the 

 outer margin of the hind wings is scolloped and partly edged with yellow, the inner mar- 

 gin is bordered with dusky for about two-thirds of its length, followed by a small yellow 

 patch, which in turn is succeeded by a larger black spot centered with a crescent of blue 

 atoms, and bounded below by an irregular reddish spot margined within with yellow. 

 The hind wings terminate in two long black tails edged on the inside with yellow. The 

 body is black above, margined with pale yellowish ; below, yellowish streaked with black. 



The under surface of the wings somewhat resembles the upper but is paler. 



This species passes the winter in the chrysalis state, and appears first on the winv 

 from the middle to the latter end of May, but becomes much more plentiful during July. 

 Whether these July insects are a second brood, or whether the bulk of the chrysalides 

 which have wintered do not mature until about this time, we have been unable to deter- 

 mine ; individuals which we have wintered over have escaped from chrysalis as late as 

 the 3rd of June. 



The eggs of turnus are deposited singly on the leaves of the different plants or trees 

 on which the larva feeds. They are between one-twentieth and one-twenty -fifth of an 

 inch in diameter, subglobular. flattened at the place of attachment ; colour dark green, 

 surface smooth, without reticulations, but showing a few small irregularly distributed dots 

 under a magnifying power of forty-five diameters. In about ten or twelve days they 

 begin to change colour, becoming darker, and very dark just before the young larvae are 

 hatched. 



When fresh from the egg the larva is about one -tenth of an inch long, with a large 

 black head, and with a black body roughened with small brownish black tubercles. The 

 second segment is elevated or thickened and of a dull glossy flesh colour, with a promi- 

 nent fleshy tubercle on each side, and a patch of white on the seventh and eighth seg- 

 ments, which is wide anteriorly, and pointed behind ; there is also a dull flesh coloured 

 streak along the back on fourth and eleventh segments. The twelfth segment has a pair 

 of fleshy tubercles, rather prominent, but not so large as those on the second ; both those 

 on the second and twelfth have several short whitish hairs arising from them. The under 

 surface is brownish black, with the feet and prolegs of the same colour. 



The full grown larva, see figure 14, taken 

 Fig. 14. July 14th, measured one and a half inches in 



length. Its head is rather large, and of a red- 

 dish brown colour, sprinkled with very short 

 white hairs. 



The body olive green, of a slightly darker 

 shade on the anterior segments, paler on the 

 sides of the body, over which there is a whitish 

 bloom produced by a multitude of very minute white dots, with small short hairs of the 

 same colour issuing from them ; the anterior segments of the body are wrinkled. On the 

 front edge of the second segment is a raised yellow fold slightly overhanging the head, 

 and on each side of the fourth segment is an eye like spot nearly oval in shape, yellow, 

 enclosed by a ring of black, centered with a small elongated blue dot, w^hich is also set in 

 black, and has above it on each side a black line, nearly crossing the yellow spot. On 

 the hinder portion of the fifth segment is a raised yellow fold, bordered behind with rich 

 velvety black, the latter visible only when the larva is in motion ; on the terminal seg- 

 ment is a similar fold flattened above with a slight protuberance on each side. On the 

 fifth segment in front of the yellow fold are two blue dots, one on each side of the dorsal 

 line ; there are also faint traces on the hinder segments of a continuation of these dots in 

 longitudinal rows. 



The under surface is of a paler green than the upper, with a whitish bloom ; prolegs 

 of the same colour, feet tipped with brown. 



As the larva approaches maturity, and is about to change to a chrysalis, the colour of 

 the body gradually grows darker, until it becomes dark reddish brown, the sides nearly 

 black. The minute whitish granulations and the blue dots become much more distinctly 

 visible, giving the larva a very different appearance. It then selects some suitable spot 



