The First Men. 



211 



the Mound Builders were medium iu proportion, while minimum in 

 capacity. While the volume of the brain is small, says Foster, the 

 brain case is as symmetrical as that of the European. In this sym- 

 metry, rather than in mere size, we find the cranial index of character. 

 Foster says, further, that the skulls which he has described possess 

 peculiarities which ally them more nearly with the Mongolian than 

 with the negro or European. Short concedes the orthocephalio char- 

 acter of the flrst races upon this continent, wliile showing diverging 

 tendencies toward dolichocephalism and brachycephalism. The Aus- 

 tralians are excessively dolichocephalic, the Hottentots and Bushmen 

 range from dolichocepnalism to mesocephalism. The negroes are doli- 

 chocephalic, except certain mesocephalic tribes in the interior. The 

 Eskimos are dolichocephalic. 



The natural development of the cranial structure of the first men 

 was toward brachycephalism; an enlargement of the skull by broaden- 

 ing it. A symmetrical enlargement would be toward the mesocephalic 

 type, after which the extreme of brachycephalism, without corre- 

 sponding increase of intellectual and moral faculties, would be reached, 

 indicating brutality, and not an improved man. Development does 

 not always mean improvement. It may mean the development of the 

 baser faculties, as well as the intellectual or moral. 



The pre-historic tribes of Europe range from dolichocephalism to 

 brachycephalism. The Xeanderthal skull is quite like the skull of the 

 Mound Builders. The Engis skull, however, is the most important 

 one for our consideration. Sir John Lubbock says it might have been 

 that of a modern European, so far at least as form is concerned. Prof. 

 Huxley says, there is no mark of degradation about any part of its 

 structure. It is in fact a fair, average human skull, which might have 

 belonged to a philosopher or might have contained the thoughtless 

 brain of a savage." Of this skull, again says Lubbock, ** there seems no 

 reason to doubt that it really belonged to a man who was contempo- 

 raneous with the mammoth, the cave bear and other extinct maui- 

 malia." Thus we have registered evidence of a man with ^^a per- 

 fectly well-developed skull living in Europe in the inter-glacial period, 

 or Psychozoic cycle. 



In the second chapter of Genesis (v. 23) after the pictorial represen- 

 tation of the Lord God causing a deep sleep to fall upon Ha-Adam, 

 and taking one of his ribs from him (the meaning of which picture we 

 need not here stop to inquire), Ha-Adam names his wife Ishah be- 

 cause she was taken out of Ish. The significance of these terms is 

 lost in their translations, woman " and "man." Ish means ^'excel- 

 lent," and a similar root is so widespread that it must have greater 

 significance than has been given it. The term " Aryan " means excellent 



