March 24, 1905.] 



SCIENCE. 



440 



in the form of a ten-cent piece. In thus 

 using his wishes the man succeeded in keep- 

 ing out of hell. 



This tale was compared with other wish- 

 stories in which similar details appear. 



Influence of the Sun on the People of the 



Hopi Puehlos. J. Walter Fewkes. 



The epitome of the history of the Pueblos 

 is shc v\n by their ruins. 



The earliest forms were on the plains. 

 The second period brought them to the base 

 of the mesas, the third and last to the level 

 tops of the table lands. 



The inclination of the house groups on 

 the mesa tops is in two directions — toward 

 the highest point, to obtain the greatest 

 security possible, and on exposures where 

 the maximum sunlight may be obtained. 

 The houses ofttimes form two lines, the 

 direction being northeast and southwest. 

 This peculiarity was first noted by Cosmos 

 Mindeleff. The reason for this uniformity 

 was not estheticism but the position of the 

 sun. This occurs in all of the Hopi Pueb- 

 los but two. There are three specific causes 

 for this: (1) the growth of the family, (2) 

 the growth of the house group, (3) the 

 position of the sun. 



Among the Pueblos there are only two 

 places where additions to the paternal 

 home can be made, that is on the northeast 

 and southwest of the nucleus or home 

 group. The reason for this is that the 

 additions must not cut off the sun from the 

 house already built. These additions to 

 the home continue as daughters are born 

 and marry. 



"When a new clan comes to a pueblo it is 

 given a new position which Avill not conflict 

 with the sun supply of the first group. 

 The growth of these clan houses is a cel- 

 lular one in which the family is the initial 

 cell. This explains the form of most of 

 the modem pueblos. Some of these are 

 rectangular, which is the form of many of 



the old ones. This may be explained by 

 the fact that a number of clans partici- 

 pated in the work of building— both in 

 planning and in carrying out the details 

 of construction, in which case the form of 

 the town was probably prearranged. Even 

 in this form of pueblo the terraces and 

 door entrances were usually toward the 

 sun. 



The clans have been a great factor in the 

 formation of the house groups. They are 

 responsible for whatever peculiar features 

 may be in evidence in both the ancient and 

 the modern pueblos. The clan problem is 

 a most interesting one. Its solution can be 

 accomplished in no way save by a thorough 

 study of the migrations of^each, and its 

 relationship to the pueblo. It is one of the 

 most interesting phases of anthro-gecg- 

 raphy or psycho-geography in the south- 

 west. 



The ^Yor'k of the University of California. 

 Alfred L. Kroeber. 



A general resume of the anthropological 

 work done by the university was given. 

 Results of former expeditions were pointed 

 out and the present policy cf the depart- 

 ment outlined. Work is being carried on 

 in Peru by Dr. Uhle; in California, espe- 

 cially among the Hupa, by Dr. Goddard, 

 and linguistic and general ethnological 

 work in the same state by Dr. Kroeber. 

 These investigations are under the direc- 

 tion of the departmental head, Professor 

 F. W. Putnam. 



FRIDAY, DECEMBER 30. 



Historic and Prehistoric Ruins of the 

 Southwest. Edgar L. Hewett. 

 Professor Hewett has devoted several 

 years to the study of the remains of the old 

 sedentary tribes of the southwest. He has 

 mapped large groups and presented data 

 to the department of the interior in an en- 

 deavor to have certain areas containing 

 ruins set aside as national parks. 



