452 



SCIENCE. 



[X. S. Vol. XXI. Xo. 334. 



.creat water power and its freedom from 

 ice, and the cheapness of huusing, clothing 

 and feeding the operatives, are all in favor 

 of this view. The specific facts of cotton 

 manufacture during the last twenty-four 

 years show that in 1880 the southern states 

 had less than 700,000 cott( n spindles and 

 about $20,000,000 invested in cctton fac- 

 tories. To-day they have ab(!ut 8,000,000 

 spindles, or more than eleven times as many 

 as in 1880. To-day they have almost $200,- 

 000,000 invested in factories, or ten times 

 as much as they had twenty-four years ago. 



The greatest need of the present is the 

 direct sale of the products of the cotton 

 mill to consuming markets. This is grad- 

 ually being supplied, and with it the com- 

 plete chain of economic production — the 

 farmer, the manufacturer, the carrier and 

 the merchant — will be primarily in control 

 of the section of the country w-hieh is the 

 source of the raw material. 



SESSION ON EDUCATION AND SOCIAL SCIENCE. 



Ameliorative, Preventive and Constructive 

 Social Woi'k: and the Ideal Training for 

 Social Workers. Mrs. Anna Garlin 

 Spencer, New York School of Philan- 

 thropy. 



Social service and social work mean, first, 

 a synthesis of that which is connated in 

 the four basic institutions of society, the 

 home, the school, the church and the state. 

 Social service has in it something of the 

 religious appeal to grow better and 

 stronger, hoAvever difficult the growth may 

 be. It has much of charity's special 

 quality of devotion to those whose personal 

 or social condition makes it most hard for 

 them 1o live a truly human life. It has some- 

 thing of that dependence upon the organ- 

 ized whole of srciety which has given the 

 modern state its functions of charity, edu- 

 cation and public enlightenment through 

 free public benefits. It has much of that 

 spirit of moral reform which i; foiever 



blazing out in holy passion of rebuke 

 against tyranny of the weak by the strong. 

 It has, most of all, a giant share of that new 

 impulse in education which demands for 

 each child 'the best development society 

 can afford.' 



The supreme distinction of modern social 

 service lies in its fundamental ideals and 

 the conscious purpose in its application of 

 those ideals. Those fundamentals are: 



1. A belief in what Horace ]\Iann called 

 the 'infinite improvability of mankind,' a 

 deep faith in the essential good quality of 

 human nature, a faith shared with all new 

 types of religious belief and the root of the 

 new education. 



2. A belief that the race is not improved 

 solely or chiefly through its moral and 

 intellectual elite (those capable of becom- 

 ing saints and sages and leaders), but that 

 the race is to be improved most completely 

 and surely by the upraise of the whole 

 mass of mankind. This is a faith in the 

 spiritual essence of democracy. 



3. A belief that here and now society 

 has both the duty and the power to under- 

 take consciously, determinedly, systemat- 

 ically and hopefully this upraise of the 

 whole people, this demonstration in terms 

 of absolute democracy of the worth of all 

 human beings. 



4. The belief that in order thus to gi-ow 

 nobler, purer and stronger and happier 

 human beings in this wholesale fashion, so- 

 ciety must also work to make a better world 

 for the less fortunate and the weaker hu- 

 man beings now living. 



5. The belief that since all the people, 

 especially 'the least of these,' are to be 

 lifted, society must hold itself responsible 

 for the welfare, the safety, the chance to 

 grow, the opportunity for education and 

 the ability to become self-supporting, of 

 every human being. 



This then which we call social service is 

 a synthetic appreciation and us-^ of the 



