48 



THAT S IT ; 



spaces, 10, 20, 30, which indicate 

 the number of minutes, each black 

 or white space being equal to 

 sixty minutes. Each minute is 

 equal to a geographical mile. 

 When the figures on the border 

 of the map increase upwards, 

 14, they indicate north latitude ; 

 when they increase doivnwards, 

 south latitude. When the num- 

 bering of the degrees of longi- 

 tude increases from the right to 

 the left, the longitude is ivest ; 

 when from the left to the right, 

 it is east. Degrees and minutes 

 of longitude are expressed by 

 figures and black and white spaces 

 on the equator, 15. # But the 



minutes can only be shown on 

 comparatively large maps. Unless 

 it is otherwise expressed, the top 

 of a map represents the north, 16. 

 the bottom the south, 17 ; the east, 



or the right, 18 ; and the west, 

 or the left, 19. When this rule 

 is not observed, the direction of 

 the various points is shown by a 



* When this is not the case, the figures will be 

 found on the top and bottom of the maps. 



cross, one point of which, directed 

 to the north, 20, is distinguished 

 j y a spear-like point. 



20 



249. 



By illustration 155, we have 

 already seen the distinctions 

 applied to various forms of land 

 and water. Looking down, as 

 with a bird's-eye view, upon 

 some of those forms, we more 

 clearly ascertain their distinc- 











250. 



251. 



tions. An island, 1.* Find ex- 

 amples on the maps, 225, 226, by 

 reference to the latitude and lon- 

 gitude : lat. 40° S., long. 140° E. 

 ^peninsula, 2 ; example, hit. 40° N., 



252. 



253. 



long. 10° W. An isthmus, 3 ; ex. 

 lat. 20° K, long. 90° B.f A cape, 



• The white represents land; the shade water. 



t The isthmus is not named upon the map, but it 

 is that cf Panama, which connects the two great 

 continents of North and South America. 



