242 



INDIAN CYPRINIDiE. 



apophysis is given off on either side, so as to meet nearly in the middle, 

 where they are united by ligaments and muscles at the chin, which is 

 square, with a fissure in the middle. 



The lower jaw of the Barbels is composed of two longer limbs (Fig 6, 

 Plate 54) articulated behind as in the Cirrhins, but without transverse 

 apophyses in front, where the two bones are united by symphysis, or close 

 union firmly cemented as it were with cartilage. 



In the Gudgeons the chin is rounded horizontally without the depression 

 in the middle observed in that of the Cirrhins, or the acute lengthened apex 

 of the Barbels, and is composed of a solid bony rim formed of a transverse 

 process directed from each corner of the mouth to the centre, where it is 

 firmly united to its fellow by symphysis at the chin ; at the corners of the 

 mouth these transverse processes turn backwards at right angles (as in Cyp. 

 hata, Buch. Fig 3, Plate 54) and sometimes at still greater angles as in (Fig 2, 

 Plate 54) Cyp. mrigala, Buch. This last process is articulated behind to the 

 anterior process of the preoperculum, and corresponds with Cuvier's angular 

 bone in the Perch. 



42. The angular transverse processes in this last form have every 

 appearance of being two distinct pieces (c. and d. Fig. 2, Plate 54) consolidated 

 in adults by a bony union at the corner of the mouth, yet formed from 

 distinct centres of osseous deposit. Now as these three forms are each 

 attended with pecviliar traits of character in regard to the nature of food 

 and the manner of obtaining it, as well as in the structure of their digestive 

 organs, we may be sufiiciently justified in regarding them as characterizing 

 three types which, if we like, we may term primary. This view is farther 

 supported by the fact that, to one or other of the three forms in question, 

 variously modified, the lower jaw of all the Cyprins of this country may 



