34 



A. F. R. Hoenile — A Collection of Hindi Boots. 



[No. 2, 



hujliihau, wliicli transliterated into Sanskrit would be hudhyitavya. This 

 shows that in Hindi the form l>ujh acts as a root, precisely as hudlt 

 does in Sanskrit, 



Putting aside mere phonetic differences, as in the Hindi silcli or siJcli, 

 Marathi sik " learn," Eastern Hindi char, Western Hindi dial " walk," the 

 Gaudian languages differ very little with regard to their roots. There are, 

 however, a few exceptional cases of roots which are confined to some 

 particular Gaudian language. Thus " see" is in Sindhi 2^as, Marathi pdli, 

 but in Hindi dis or de1ch, the Sanskrit ^as, ^)re7cs/t and dris ; again " come" 

 is in Sindhi ach, Bangali dis or as, but in Hindi dv or d, the Sanskrit 

 agaclih and dyd, 



Eoots, as a rule, do not undergo aiiy change, when entering into con- 

 junction with suffixes ; except in the formation of the Causal Verb, in 

 which case a long vowel is always shortened ; thus hol-and " to speak," 

 but hid-dnd " to call" ; cJiJior-and " to loose," but clihur-d?ii " to cause to 

 loose" ; glium-aiid " to turn," but (jlium-dnd " to cause to turn" ; pi-iid 

 "to drink," but pl-ldnd "to cause to drink", &c. There are, however, 

 a few exceptional cases of changeable roots. These are Icar " do," dliar 

 " place," " go," le " take," de " give," mar " die." These roots assume 

 a considerably different form in the formation of the past participle and 

 past tense ; viz., the first five become lea or 7ci, dJia or dhi, ga or gi, la or U, 

 da or di respectively, and mar becomes onu. The regular, unchanged 

 forms, however, also occur, and generally these three forms are peculiar 

 to some one or other of the Hindi dialects. Thus the High Hindi has 

 the past participle Ici-yd " done," Eastern Hindi Jca-il or Jca-yal, but 

 Western Hindi Icar-au ; Eastern Hindi also has the radical form lei in 

 Ici-liis " he did,"- /ci-Zim " they did."* So also High Hindi mu-d or mar-d 

 " dead," Eastern Hindi inu- il or mu-al. 



Roots, when determined as above explained, may be divided into two 

 classes, primary and secondary. To the former class belong all those roots, 

 the originals of which, though sometimes more or less disguised by subse- 

 quent phonetic modifications, exist in Sanskrit. Secondary roots are those, 

 ■which have no Sanskrit original, though their origin can be traced to Sans- 

 krit elements. Thus the Hindi root IcJid " eat" is a primary one ; for its 

 original is the Sanskrit root IcJtdd ; but the Hindi root paitJi "enter" 

 is secondary ; for there is no Sanskrit root pravislit, though there is a 

 Sanskrit participle pravisltta "entered" (of the root ^jm-t)2s), from which 

 it is derived. 



Among the primary roots there are a few which have suffered no 

 phonetic modification. Thus, the common root dial " walk" ; W. H. 

 cTialai, H. H. cliale, Skr. dialati, "he walks." (The E. H., however, has 

 diarai) . But most of them have passed through some sort of phonetic 



* h is a euphonic insertion, for the sake of assimilation to Uh-is " he took", lih-in 

 " they took". 



