1880.] A. F. R. Hoernle — A OoUeet ion of IlimU Boots. 



85 



change. These changes are of seven kinds, of which sometimes one, some- 

 times several have affected the same root. They are — 



1. Simple i^^ionetic permutation, consisting in the elision or softening 

 of a consonant, the contraction of adjacent vowels, and the like. E. g., 

 Iclm "eat," Skr. Iclidcl ; cliil " leak," Skr. c/*y«S/( ; — -tor " hveak," ^k.v. trot 

 (causal of trut) ; par " fall," Skr. 'pat ;—paros " distribute," Skr. parivesU ; 

 lio "be," Skr. hhu {lliava), &c. 



2. Incorporation of the " class-suffix " that is, the sufEx, which in 

 Sanskrit is inserted between the root and the personal endings, and 

 according to which Sanskrit roots are divided into ten classes. In Hindi 

 these suffixes are incorporated with the roots. Thus, hujh " understand," 

 Skr. hudli + ya (hudh IVth class) ; Jcop " be angry," Skr, hup + ya {Icup 

 IN^ki) ; iiacli "dance," Skr. nrit + ya (nrit IVth); sitn "hear," Skr. 

 sri + iiu (sru Vth) ; hlianj " break," Skr. hlianaj fhlianj Vllth) ; jdn 

 " know," Skr.^a + nci {jna IXth), &c. 



3. Incorporation of the ])assive suffix ya. Thus, lag "belong," 

 Skr. lag + ya ; sich "irrigate," Skr. sich-ya ; de "give," Skr. di -\- ya 

 (dd), &c. 



4. Change of " class." In Sanskrit all roots are divided into ten 

 classes, partly according to the various suffixes which some take before the 

 personal endings in conjugation, partly according to internal phonetic 

 changes which some undergo. The simplest roots are those of the Vlth 

 class ; they are not subject to any internal change, but merely add the 

 suffix a. In Hindi all roots alike are reduced to the simple form of the 

 Vlth class. This is done (a) by sometimes substituting the suffix d of the 

 Vlth class, for another suffix ; or (b) by changing the final vowels of 

 other class-suffixes (n in the Vth and Vlllth classes, d in the IXth class) 

 to a. Thus (a) pdva "obtain" (Vlth), Skr. prdp + mi, (Vth ; as if it 

 were prdp + « Vlth) ; manga "ask" (Vlth), Skr. mdrg + aya (Xth) ; 

 again (h) hara " do" (Vlth), Skr. Icar-u (Vlllth, kri) ; jdna " know" 

 (Vlth), Skr. jd + nd (IXth, jwi). That is, the Hindi roots pdv, 

 indng (ttti), 7ear,jdn, all of the Vlth class, correspond to the Sanskrit 

 roots prdp, mdrg, Jcri, jnd, of the Vth, Xth, Vlllth and IXth classes 

 respectively, &c. 



5. Change of " voice.'''' Some Hindi roots are derived from the 

 passive base of a Sanskrit root. Thus, hhaj " break" (active), Skr. 

 Ihaj + ya " be broken" (passive of hhanj) ; de "give," Skr. di-ya " he 

 given" {dd) ; sale " can," Skr. sale + ya (sale) ; bile " sell" (act. iutraas.), 

 Skr. vihri-ya {vihri), &c. 



6. Change of tense. Some Hindi roots are derived from the future 

 base of a Sanskrit root. Thus dehh " see", Skr. dralcshya (future of dris) ; 

 (old H.) nahh or nanhh "destroy" or "throw away", Skr. nankshya 

 (future of nns) ; (old H.) 7crakh " draw", Skr. krakshya (future of krish) ; 

 khcch or kliaich "draw," Skr. krakshya (future of Jcrish), 



