102 R. C. Temi:i[e— Route of the Tal Clwtiali meld Force. [No. 3, 



doubtless more, and I think it would be safe to include Saeagis amongst 

 them. They inhabit a largish extent of country, for the most part consider- 

 ably deserted, and used merely as grazing-grouud. Their villages are most- 

 ly found in what is called the Lu'm Valley to the south of the Borai, i. e., 

 between it and the Tal Valley. All the country from the Borai Valley east of 

 the Tal Valley as far as the Beloch Border and the Mtr'sA Khel country 

 belongs to them, except the small portion occupied by the Zaekha'ns near 

 Chotiali. 



Of the Zaekha'ns nothing more is known except that they are Pathans 

 and not of Kakar, Tarin or Liini extraction. They are to be found about 

 the mountains to the east and south of Chotiali, in the Hanokai Pass and 

 Ba'ia' Dha'ka'. The Mabeis have nearly wiped them out as a race by con- 

 tinual raids. In Leech's time* there were three villages belonging to them 

 near Chotiali, viz., Dost Muhammad, Fazl Kuan and KiA Khan, but I do 

 not know if they still exist. 



Perhaps the origin of the Lunis and Zarkhans and even of some of 

 the Kakars, especially the Sandar Khel, should be sought with that of the 

 neighbouring Beloch Tribes, if one could only ascertain what that is. In- 

 deed the Katanis of Seistan usually called Belochis, are Sandar Khel 

 Kakars, and there is nothing repugnant in the history of the Beloch Tribes 

 to the idea of some of them being of the same descent as their deadly 

 enemies the Pathans. For the Kaihieis about Chattae and Puleji in 

 Kachi, now acknowledged to belong to the Beloch Tribes, are of unques- 

 tioned Pathan descent.f And, although the presence of many Belochi 

 words in their dialects may be the result of propinquity, the similarity of 

 face and figure of the Lu'nis, Sandae Khels and Zaekha'ns to the neigh- 

 bouring Beloch Tribes of Ba'ekho'm is quite remarkable, and they might 

 well have a common origin with them, especially as the Belochis can hardly 

 be called a nation, being rather an agglomerate of heterogeneous tribes. 

 Thus the Beaho'is are probably aboriginal, the GtrECHA'sris a Siudian Tribe, 

 the Rinds and Ltj'meis probably of Hindu (Rajjout) origin and the Ga'dttes 

 of Las of Arab descent, while the tribes of Makea'n are Arabs, Sikhs, 

 Sindhis, Persians, Jats and what not, J 



* Major Leech's journeys were made about 1839. 

 t Hughes's Beluchistan. 



X In connection with the probable Turkman or Mongol origin of the bulk of the 

 Beloch Tribes, the words Tuman and Titmanda'r are iateresting. Tuman or Toman 

 was a Mongol division of the army, vis., 10,000, and hence in the Mongol dominions 

 it came to mean 10,000 generally. "Wassa'f describing Kinsay (Kingsse' or Hangchau) 

 states it had " 70 Tojians of soldiers and 70 Tomans of Rayats." Marco Polo states its 

 revenue in Tomans of gold and Friar Odoric in Tomans of Balish (paper money). 

 Tman or Tma is still used in Eussia for 10,000. In Beluchistan Tuman means a camp 

 and Txjjlvnda'r the commander of a camp and thence the chief of a tribe, but whether 



